24/05/22Na'urori masu auna firikwensin EMCCD sun kasance wahayi: ƙara hankalinku ta hanyar rage hayaniyar karanta ku. Da kyau, kusan, a zahiri muna ƙara siginar don sanya hayaniyar karatunku ta yi kama da ƙarami.
Kuma mun ƙaunace su, sun sami gida kai tsaye tare da ƙananan aikin sigina irin su kwayoyin halitta guda ɗaya da spectroscopy sannan kuma suka bazu tsakanin masu samar da tsarin microscope don abubuwa kamar diski mai jujjuyawa, babban ƙuduri da ƙari. Sannan mun kashe su. Ko mun yi?
Fasahar EMCCD tana da tarihinta tare da manyan masu samar da kayayyaki guda biyu: e2V da Texas Instruments. E2V, yanzu Teledyne e2V, ya fara wannan birgima tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin farko zuwa ƙarshen 1990s amma ya sami ci gaba na gaske tare da bambance-bambancen da aka yarda da shi, yana da tsararru na 512 x 512 tare da pixels 16-micron.
Wannan farkon, kuma mai yiwuwa mafi rinjaye na firikwensin EMCCD yana da tasiri na gaske kuma rabin wannan shine ainihin girman pixel. 16-micron pixels akan na'urar na'ura mai kwakwalwa wanda aka tattara mafi haske sau 6 fiye da shahararren CCD na lokacin, ICX285, wanda aka nuna a cikin shahararren CoolSnap da Orca. Bayan girman pixel, waɗannan na'urorin sun dawo da haske suna canza 30% ƙarin photons suna ɗaukar mafi girman hankali sau 6 zuwa 7.
Don haka yadda ya kamata EMCCD ya kasance mai hankali sau 7 kafin mu kunna shi kuma mu sami tasirin ribar EMCCD. Yanzu ba shakka za ku iya jayayya cewa za ku iya bin CCD, ko kuna iya amfani da na'urorin gani don ƙirƙirar manyan pixels masu girma - kawai yawancin mutane ba su yi ba!
Bayan wannan, samun amo a ƙasa 1 electron shine maɓalli. Maɓalli ne, amma ba kyauta ba ne. Tsarin ninkawa ya ƙãra rashin tabbas na ma'aunin siginar ma'ana ƙarar harbi, duhu mai duhu, da duk wani abu da muke da shi kafin ninkawa ya karu da kashi 1.4. To, me hakan ke nufi? Da kyau, yana nufin EMCCD ya fi kulawa amma kawai a ƙaramin haske, da kyau wannan shine irin lokacin da kuke buƙata daidai?
A kan CCD na gargajiya, ba gasa ba ce. Babban pixels, ƙarin QE, EM Gain. Kuma duk mun yi farin ciki, musamman na mu masu sayar da kyamara: $ 40,000, don Allah ...
Abubuwan da kawai za mu iya yi da su su ne saurin gudu, yankin firikwensin, kuma (ba wai mun san yana yiwuwa ba) ƙaramin girman pixel.
Sa'an nan sarrafa fitarwa da yarda ya zo, kuma hakan bai yi daɗi ba. Ya bayyana cewa bin diddigin kwayoyin halitta guda daya da roka masu bin diddigi iri daya ne, kuma kamfanonin kamara da kwastomominsu dole ne su sarrafa siyar da kyamara da fitar da su.
Daga nan sCMOS ya zo, yana farawa da alƙawarin duniya - sannan a cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa kusan isar da shi. Ƙananan pixels suna samun 6.5 microns da suke so don manufofin 60x kuma duk tare da ƙananan ƙarar ƙararrawa na kusan 1.5 electrons. Yanzu wannan ba daidai ba ne EMCCD, amma a kan 6 electrons na kwatankwacin fasahar CCD na lokacin yana da ban mamaki.
sCMOS na farko har yanzu sun haskaka gaba. Amma a cikin 2016 baya haskaka sCMOS ya zo, kuma don sanya shi ya fi dacewa da nau'ikan hasken gaba na asali yana da pixels 11-micron. Tare da haɓaka QE da haɓaka girman pixel, abokan ciniki suna jin kamar suna da fa'idar 3.5 x.
A ƙarshe, a cikin 2021 ƙaramar ƙaramar wutar lantarki ta karye tare da wasu kyamarori sun yi ƙasa da 0.25 electrons - ya ƙare don EMCCD.
Ko kuwa...
To, ɗan matsalar har yanzu girman pixel ne. Hakanan zaku iya yin abin da kuke so da gani amma akan tsarin iri ɗaya, pixel 4.6-micron yana karɓar 12 x ƙasa da haske fiye da na 16-micron.
Yanzu zaku iya bin, amma ku tuna binning tare da CMOS na yau da kullun yana ƙaruwa da hayaniya ta hanyar aikin binning factor. Don haka yawancin mutane suna farin ciki da pixels 6.5-micron suna tunanin za su iya bin hanyarsu zuwa hankali, amma suna ninka karar karatun su zuwa 3 electrons.
Ko da za a iya rage amo, girman pixel, kuma cikakke ga wannan al'amari, har yanzu sulhu ne don tarin sigina na gaske.
Wani abu shine riba da bambanci - samun ƙarin launin toka da sare siginar ku ƙarami yana ba da mafi kyawun bambanci. Kuna iya samun surutu iri ɗaya amma idan kun nuna launin toka 2 kawai ga kowane electron tare da CMOS ba za ku sami yawa don wasa tare da siginar 5 kawai ba.
A ƙarshe, menene game da rufewa? Wani lokaci ina tsammanin muna manta da irin ƙarfin kayan aiki wannan yana cikin EMCCD: masu rufewa na duniya suna taimakawa da gaske kuma suna da haske da sauri sosai, musamman a cikin rikitattun tsarin sassa da yawa.
Kyamara kawai na sCMOS da na gani ta zo kusa da 512 x 512 EMCCD firikwensin shine Aries 16. Wannan yana farawa da pixels 16-micron kuma yana ba da 0.8 electrons na ƙarar ƙararrawa ba tare da buƙatar bin ba. Don sigina na sama da 5 photon (a kowace pixel 16-micron), Ina tsammanin shine mafi kyawun da na taɓa gani kuma kusan rabin farashin.
Don haka EMCCD ya mutu? A'a, kuma ba zai mutu da gaske ba har sai mun sake samun wani abu mai kyau. Matsalar ita ce, da kyau, duk matsalolin: yawan surutu, samun tsufa, sarrafa fitarwa ...
Idan fasahar EMCCD jirgi ne, zai zama Concord. Duk wanda ya tashi da shi yana son shi, amma tabbas ba sa buƙatar shi kuma yanzu tare da manyan kujeru da gadaje masu faɗi - kawai su kwana waɗannan ƙarin sa'o'i 3 a cikin Tekun Atlantika.
EMCCD, ba kamar Concord ba, har yanzu yana raye saboda wasu mutane - ƙaramar, adadin da ke raguwa - har yanzu suna buƙatar ta. Ko watakila suna tunanin suna yi?
Yin amfani da EMCCD, fasahar hoto mafi tsada da rikitarwa da ake amfani da ita ba ta sa ku na musamman ba, ko ƙwararriyar hoto - kuna yin wani abu na daban. Kuma idan ba ku yi ƙoƙari ku canza ba, to tabbas ya kamata ku.
