25/08/12Kodayake kyamarori masu launi sun mamaye kasuwar kyamarar mabukaci, kyamarori monochrome sun fi kowa a cikin hoton kimiyya.
Na'urorin firikwensin kamara ba su da ikon gano launi, ko tsayin hasken da suke tarawa. Samun hoton launi yana buƙatar adadin sasantawa a cikin hankali da samfurin sararin samaniya. Koyaya, a yawancin aikace-aikacen hoto, irin su ilimin cututtuka, ilimin tarihi ko wasu binciken masana'antu, bayanin launi yana da mahimmanci, don haka kyamarorin kimiyya masu launi har yanzu suna gama gari.
Wannan labarin ya bincika irin nau'ikan kyamarori na kimiyya, yadda suke aiki, ƙarfinsu da iyakokinsu, da kuma inda suka fi takwarorinsu monochrome a aikace-aikacen kimiyya.
Menene Kyamarar Kimiyya Launi?
Kyamara kimiyyar launi ƙwararriyar na'urar hoto ce wacce ke ɗaukar bayanan launi na RGB tare da babban aminci, daidaito, da daidaito. Ba kamar kyamarori masu launi na mabukaci waɗanda ke ba da fifikon roƙon gani ba, kyamarorin launi na kimiyya an ƙirƙira su don ƙididdige hoto inda daidaiton launi, layin firikwensin firikwensin, da kewayo mai ƙarfi ke da mahimmanci.
Ana amfani da waɗannan kyamarori sosai a aikace-aikace irin su microscopy mai haske, ilimin tarihi, nazarin kayan aiki, da ayyukan hangen nesa na na'ura inda fassarar gani ko rabe-raben launi ke da mahimmanci. Yawancin kyamarorin kimiyya masu launi suna dogara ne akan CMOS ko sCMOS na'urori masu auna firikwensin, an tsara su don biyan buƙatun bincike na kimiyya da masana'antu.
Don zurfafa kallon tsarin hoto daban-daban, bincika zaɓinmu na babban aikikyamarar kimiyyasamfurori da aka gina don aikace-aikacen ƙwararru.
Samun Launi: Tace Bayer
A al'ada, ana samun gano launi a cikin kyamarori ta hanyar iri ɗaya kamar yadda ake haifuwa launi akan masu saka idanu da fuska: ta hanyar haɗin pixels ja, kore da shuɗi na kusa zuwa cikin 'superpixels' masu cikakken launi. Lokacin da tashoshi R, G da B duk suna kan iyakar ƙimar su, ana ganin farin pixel.
Kamar yadda kyamarori na silicon ba za su iya gano tsawon lokacin raƙuman hotuna masu shigowa ba, dole ne a sami rabuwar kowane tashar raƙuman raƙuman R, G ko B ta hanyar tacewa.
A cikin jajayen pixels, ana sanya tacewa ɗaya akan pixel don toshe duk tsawon raƙuman ruwa amma waɗanda ke cikin jan ɓangaren bakan, haka kuma don shuɗi da kore. Koyaya, don cimma tiling murabba'i a cikin girma biyu duk da samun tashoshi masu launi uku, ana samun superpixel daga ja ɗaya, shuɗi ɗaya da koren pixels biyu, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin adadi.
Tsarin tace Bayer don kyamarori masu launi
NOTE: Layout na launi tace ƙarawa zuwa mutum pixels don launi kyamarori ta amfani da Bayer shimfidar wuri tace, ta amfani da maimaita murabba'in 4-pixel raka'a na Green, Red, Blue, Green pixels. Oda a cikin naúrar 4-pixel na iya bambanta.
An ba da fifikon koren pixels duka biyu saboda yawancin hanyoyin haske (daga rana zuwa farar LEDs) suna nuna ƙarfin kololuwar su a cikin ɓangaren kore na bakan, kuma saboda masu gano haske (daga firikwensin kyamara na tushen silicon zuwa idanunmu) yawanci kololuwa cikin hankali a cikin kore.
Idan ya zo ga nazarin hoto da nuni, duk da haka, ba a saba isar da hotuna ga mai amfani da pixels kowanne yana nuna ƙimar R, G ko B kawai. Ana ƙirƙira ƙimar RGB mai tashoshi 3 don kowane pixel na kamara, ta hanyar haɗa ƙimar pixels kusa, a cikin tsari da ake kira 'debayering'.
Misali, kowane jajayen pixel zai samar da kimar kore, ko dai daga matsakaita na koren pixels huɗu na kusa, ko ta hanyar wani algorithm, haka kuma ga pixels shuɗi huɗu na kusa.
Ribobi da Fursunoni na Launi
Ribobi
● Kuna iya ganin shi cikin launi! Launi yana isar da bayanai masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke haɓaka fassarar ɗan adam, musamman lokacin nazarin samfuran halitta ko kayan aiki.
● Mafi sauƙi don ɗaukar hotunan launi na RGB tare da ɗaukar hotuna na R, G, da B ta amfani da kyamarar monochrome
Fursunoni
● Hankalin kyamarori masu launi yana raguwa sosai idan aka kwatanta da takwarorinsu na monochrome, ya danganta da tsawon zango. A cikin ja da shuɗi na bakan, saboda ɗaya daga cikin filtattun pixel guda huɗu da ke wuce waɗannan tsayin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, tarin haske aƙalla kashi 25% na kyamarar monochrome daidai a cikin waɗannan tsawon zangon. A cikin kore, ma'aunin shine 50%. Bugu da ƙari, babu tacewa da ya dace: mafi girman watsawa zai zama ƙasa da 100%, kuma yana iya zama ƙasa da yawa dangane da madaidaicin raƙuman ruwa.
● Ƙimar cikakkun bayanai kuma yana daɗa muni, yayin da adadin samfurin ya ragu da waɗannan abubuwa guda (zuwa 25% na R, B da zuwa 50% na G). A cikin yanayin jajayen pixels, tare da 1 a cikin 4 pixels kawai suna ɗaukar haske ja, ingantaccen girman pixel don ƙididdige ƙuduri yana da girma 2x a kowane girma.
● Kyamarorin launi kuma koyaushe sun haɗa da tace infrared (IR). Wannan ya faru ne saboda iyawar kyamarori na silicon don gano wasu tsayin raƙuman IR da ba a iya gani ga idon ɗan adam, daga 700nm zuwa kusan 1100nm. Idan ba a tace wannan hasken na IR ba, zai yi tasiri ga ma'aunin farin, wanda zai haifar da rashin daidaituwar launi, kuma hoton da aka samar ba zai dace da abin da ido ya gani ba. Don haka, dole ne a tace wannan hasken IR, ma'ana cewa ba za a iya amfani da kyamarori masu launi don aikace-aikacen hoto ba, waɗanda ke amfani da waɗannan tsayin raƙuman ruwa.
Yaya Kyamarar Launi Aiki?
Misali na yau da kullun na ƙimar ƙimar ƙimar kamara mai launi
NOTE: Dogaro da tsayin tsayin ƙimar ƙididdigewa wanda aka nuna daban don pixels tare da ja, shuɗi da tacewa kore. Hakanan ana nuna ƙimar ƙimar firikwensin iri ɗaya ba tare da masu tace launi ba. Ƙara masu tace launi yana rage ƙimar ƙima sosai.
Jigon kyamarar launi na kimiyya shine firikwensin hotonsa, yawanci aCMOS kamara or sCMOS kamara(CMOS na kimiyya), sanye take da tacewa ta Bayer. Gudun aiki daga ɗaukar hoto zuwa fitowar hoto ya ƙunshi matakai masu mahimmanci da yawa:
1. Photon Detection: Haske yana shiga cikin ruwan tabarau kuma ya buga firikwensin. Kowane pixel yana kula da takamaiman tsayin raƙuman ruwa dangane da tace launi da yake ɗauka.
2. Canjin Cajin: Photons suna haifar da cajin lantarki a cikin photodiode da ke ƙarƙashin kowane pixel.
3. Readout & Amplification: Ana canza caji zuwa ƙarfin lantarki, karanta layi-layi, kuma ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar masu canzawa na analog-zuwa-dijital.
4. Sake Gina Launi: Na'urar sarrafa kyamarar da ke kan jirgin ko software na waje yana sadar da cikakken hoton launi daga bayanan da aka tace ta amfani da algorithms na lalata.
5. Gyara Hoto: Matakan aiki na baya-bayan nan kamar gyaran gyare-gyare na fili, farin ma'auni, da raguwar amo ana amfani da su don tabbatar da ingantaccen, abin dogara.
Ayyukan kyamarar launi ya dogara sosai akan fasahar firikwensin sa. Na'urorin firikwensin kyamarori na CMOS na zamani suna ba da ƙimar firam mai sauri da ƙaramar amo, yayin da na'urori masu auna firikwensin sCMOS an inganta su don ƙarancin haske da fa'ida mai ƙarfi, mai mahimmanci ga aikin kimiyya. Waɗannan ginshiƙan sun saita mataki don kwatanta launi da kyamarori guda ɗaya.
Kyamarar Launi vs. Monochrome Kyamara: Maɓalli Maɓalli
Kwatanta tsakanin launi da hotunan kyamarar monochrome don aikin ƙananan haske
NOTE: Hoton mai walƙiya tare da fitar da jajayen raƙuman ruwa da aka gano ta kyamarar launi (hagu) da kyamarar monochrome (dama), tare da sauran ƙayyadaddun kyamarar da suka rage iri ɗaya. Hoton launi yana nuna ƙarancin sigina-zuwa amo da ƙuduri.
Yayin da duka kyamarori masu launi da monochrome suna raba abubuwa da yawa, bambance-bambancen su a cikin aiki da lokuta masu amfani suna da mahimmanci. Ga kwatance mai sauri:
| Siffar | Kyamarar Launi | Monochrome Kamara |
| Nau'in Sensor | Bayer-tace CMOS/sCMOS | CMOS/sCMOS mara tacewa |
| Hasken Hankali | Ƙananan (saboda masu tace launi suna toshe haske) | Mafi girma (babu hasken da ya ɓace don tacewa) |
| Ƙimar sararin samaniya | Ƙididdigar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙuduri (demosaicing) | Cikakken ƙuduri na ɗan ƙasa |
| Ingantattun Aikace-aikace | Brightfield microscope, histology, dubawa kayan | Fluorescence, ƙananan hoto mai haske, ma'auni mai mahimmanci |
| Bayanan Launi | Yana ɗaukar cikakken bayanin RGB | Yana ɗaukar launin toka kawai |
A takaice dai, kyamarori masu launi sun fi kyau lokacin da launin launi don fassarar ko bincike, yayin da kyamarori na monochrome sun dace da hankali da daidaito.
Inda Launi Kamara Excel a cikin Aikace-aikacen Kimiyya
Duk da gazawarsu, kyamarori masu launi sun yi fice a wurare da yawa na musamman inda bambancin launi ke da mahimmanci. A ƙasa akwai kaɗan na misalan inda suke haskakawa:
Kimiyyar Rayuwa da Microscope
Ana yawan amfani da kyamarori masu launi a cikin ƙwanƙolin haske, musamman a cikin binciken tarihi. Dabarun tabo irin su H&E ko Gram tabo suna haifar da bambanci na tushen launi wanda za'a iya fassara shi kawai tare da hoton RGB. Dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ilimi da sassan ilimin cututtuka suma sun dogara da kyamarori masu launi don ɗaukar hotuna na zahiri na samfuran halittu don koyarwa ko amfani da bincike.
Kimiyyar Kayayyakin Kayayyaki da Binciken Sama
A cikin binciken kayan, hoton launi yana da mahimmanci don gano lalata, oxidation, sutura, da iyakokin abu. Kyamarorin launi suna taimakawa gano bambance-bambance masu sauƙi a cikin ƙarshen saman ko lahani waɗanda hoton monochrome zai iya ɓacewa. Misali, kimanta kayan hadewa ko bugu da allunan da'ira sau da yawa yana buƙatar ainihin wakilcin launi.
Injin Vision da Automation
A cikin tsarin dubawa ta atomatik, ana amfani da kyamarori masu launi don rarraba abubuwa, gano lahani, da tabbatar da alamar alama. Suna ba da damar algorithms hangen nesa na na'ura don rarraba sassa ko samfurori bisa la'akari da launi, haɓaka daidaito ta atomatik a masana'anta.
Ilimi, Takaddun shaida, da Wayar da kai
Cibiyoyin kimiyya sau da yawa suna buƙatar hotuna masu launi masu inganci don wallafe-wallafe, ba da shawarwari, da kuma isar da sako. Hoton launi yana ba da ƙarin fahimta da ɗaukar hoto na bayanan kimiyya, musamman don sadarwar tsaka-tsaki ko haɗin gwiwar jama'a.
Tunani Na Karshe
Kyamarorin kimiyya masu launi suna ba da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan aikin hoto na zamani inda bambancin launi ke da mahimmanci. Duk da yake ƙila ba za su dace da kyamarori guda ɗaya ba a cikin azanci ko ingantaccen ƙuduri, ikonsu na isar da hotuna na halitta, da za a iya fassarawa ya sa su zama masu mahimmanci a fannonin da suka kama daga kimiyyar rayuwa zuwa binciken masana'antu.
Lokacin zabar tsakanin launi da monochrome, la'akari da burin hoton ku. Idan aikace-aikacenku yana buƙatar ƙaramin haske, babban hankali, ko gano haske, kyamarar kimiyyar monochrome na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓinku. Amma don hoto mai haske, bincike na kayan aiki, ko kowane ɗawainiya da ya haɗa da bayanin launi, maganin launi na iya zama manufa.
Don bincika tsarin ƙirar launi na ci gaba don bincike na kimiyya, bincika cikakken jeri na mu na kyamarorin CMOS masu inganci da ƙirar sCMOS waɗanda suka dace da bukatunku.
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Duk haƙƙin mallaka. Lokacin ambato, da fatan za a yarda da tushen:www.tucsen.com
