25/08/19Idan ya zo ga ɗaukar ingantattun hotuna masu inganci a cikin binciken kimiyya, ingancin bayanan ku ya dogara fiye da ƙuduri ko girman firikwensin kawai. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci-amma wani lokaci ba a kula da su ba-ma'auni shine Ratio-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). A cikin tsarin hoto, SNR yana ƙayyade yadda za ku iya bambanta ainihin siginar (bayani mai amfani) daga hayaniyar da ba a so.
A cikin aikace-aikacen hoto na kimiyya kamar microscopy, astronomy, da spectroscopy, SNR mara kyau na iya nufin bambanci tsakanin gano maƙasudin manufa da rasa shi gaba ɗaya. Wannan labarin yana bincika yadda aka ayyana SNR, dalilin da yasa yake da mahimmanci, yadda yake shafar bambanci, da yadda za'a zaɓa da haɓaka kyamarar kimiyya bisa wannan ma'auni mai mahimmanci.
Menene rabon sigina-zuwa amo kuma yaya aka ayyana shi?
Alamar siginar amo (SNR) shine mafi mahimmancin ma'auni na ingancin hoton mu, na asali a bambancin hoto, kuma galibi shine mafi fa'ida mai fa'ida akan ko kyamarar tana da hankali sosai ga aikace-aikacen ku.
Ƙoƙarin inganta halayen kamara ya shafi duka inganta siginar da aka tattara:
● Ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar ƙima ko haɓaka girman pixel
● Rage tushen hayaniya da ke dogaro da kyamara
Maɓuɓɓugan hayaniya suna haɗuwa tare, amma dangane da yanayin da mutum zai iya rinjaye, kuma ya kamata a mai da hankali kan lokacin ƙoƙarin inganta SNR - ko dai ta hanyar inganta saitunan ko saiti, ko haɓaka zuwa mafi kyawun hanyoyin haske, na'urorin gani, da kyamarori.
Gajarta ce ta gama gari don siffanta hotuna cikin sharuddan sigina-zuwa-amo rabo ɗaya, misali da'awar hoto yana da SNR na '15'. Koyaya, kamar yadda ya bayyana daga sunan, rabon sigina-zuwa-amo ya dogara da siginar, wanda ba shakka zai bambanta ga kowane pixel. Wannan shi ne abin da ya ba mu siffar.
SNR na hoto yawanci yana nufin SNR na siginar kololuwar sha'awa a cikin hoton. Misali, SNR daga hoton sel masu kyalli akan bangon duhu zai yi amfani da ƙarfin siginar kololuwa daga pixels na tsarin sha'awa a cikin tantanin halitta.
Ba wakilci ba ne don ɗaukar, misali, ƙimar ma'ana ga SNR na ɗaukacin hoton. A cikin fasaha irin su microscopy mai haske inda duhu mai duhu tare da sifili da aka gano photon zai iya zama gama gari, waɗannan pixels sifili suna da SNR na sifili. Don haka, kowane matsakaita a kan hoto zai dogara ne akan adadin pixels na baya da ake gani.
Me yasa SNR Mahimmanci ga kyamarori na Kimiyya
A cikin hoton kimiyya, SNR yana tasiri kai tsaye yadda zaku iya gano cikakkun bayanai marasa ƙarfi, auna bayanai masu ƙididdigewa, da sake haifar da sakamako.
●Bayyanar Hoto- Mafi girman SNR yana rage hatsi kuma yana sanya kyawawan sifofi a bayyane.
●Daidaiton Bayanai- Yana rage kurakuran ma'auni a cikin gwaje-gwaje na tushen ƙarfi.
●Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa Ayyuka- Mahimmanci don microscopy mai kyalli, sararin samaniya mai zurfi, da spectroscopy, inda adadin photon ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa.
Ko kana amfani da asCMOS kamaradon babban hoto mai sauri ko CCD mai sanyaya don aikace-aikacen fallasa mai tsawo, fahimtar SNR yana taimaka muku daidaita ayyukan ciniki.
Yadda SNR ke Tasirin Kwatancen Hoto
Bambanci shine bambancin dangi na tsanani tsakanin wuraren haske da wuraren duhu na hoto. Don aikace-aikace da yawa, kyakkyawan bambancin hoto a cikin wuraren sha'awa shine maƙasudin ƙarshen ƙarshe.
Akwai dalilai da yawa a cikin batun hoto, tsarin gani da yanayin hoto waɗanda sune farkon abubuwan da ke tabbatar da bambancin hoto, kamar ingancin ruwan tabarau da adadin hasken baya.
●Babban darajar SNR→ Bambance-bambance tsakanin yankuna masu haske da duhu; gefuna suna bayyana kullun; cikakkun bayanai suna nan a bayyane.
●Farashin SNR→ Wurare masu duhu suna ƙara haske saboda hayaniya, wurare masu haske suna dimauce, kuma gabaɗayan hoton kamanni ya faɗi.
Alal misali, a cikin microscopy mai kyalli, ƙananan SNR na iya yin samfurin mai kyalli mai rauni a cikin bango, yana sa ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ta zama abin dogaro. A cikin ilmin taurari, taurari masu rauni ko taurari na iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya a cikin bayanan hayaniya.
Duk da haka, akwai kuma abubuwa a cikin kyamarar kanta - babban abu shine sigina zuwa Ratio Noise. Bugu da ari, kuma musamman a ƙananan haske, girman girman hoto, yadda aka nuna hoton a kan mai duba, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a fahimtar bambancin hoto. Tare da babban amo a cikin wurare masu duhu na hoton, algorithms na sikelin hoto na atomatik na iya saita ƙananan ɗaure su da ƙarancin ƙima ta ƙarancin ƙima mai ƙima, yayin da babban iyaka yana ƙaruwa da amo a cikin babban sigina. Wannan shine dalilin halayyar 'wanke-fito' bayyanar launin toka na ƙananan hotuna SNR. Za'a iya samun mafi kyawun bambanci ta saita ƙananan iyaka zuwa diyya na kyamara.
Abubuwan Da Suka Shafi SNR a Kyamara na Kimiyya
Yawancin ƙira da sigogin aiki suna tasiri SNR na tsarin kamara:
Fasahar Sensor
● sCMOS - Haɗa ƙaramar ƙarar ƙararrawa da ƙimar firam, manufa don ɗaukar hoto mai ƙarfi.
● CCD - A tarihi yana ba da ƙaramar amo a cikin dogon fallasa, amma a hankali fiye da ƙirar CMOS na zamani.
● EMCCD - Yana amfani da ƙarawa akan guntu don haɓaka sigina masu rauni, amma yana iya gabatar da amo mai yawa.
Girman Pixel da Cika Factor
Manyan pixels suna tattara ƙarin photons, suna ƙara sigina kuma ta haka SNR.
Ƙimar Ƙirar (QE)
QE mafi girma yana nufin ƙarin photons masu shigowa ana canza su zuwa electrons, haɓaka SNR.
Lokacin bayyana
Dogayen filaye suna tattara ƙarin photons, suna ƙara siginar, amma kuma yana iya ƙara hayaniyar duhu mai duhu.
Tsarin Sanyaya
Sanyaya yana rage duhu halin yanzu, yana inganta SNR sosai don dogon fallasa.
Optics da Haske
Ingantattun ruwan tabarau da tsayayyen haske suna haɓaka kama siginar da rage sauye-sauye.
Misalai Daban-daban Ƙimar SNR Kololuwa
A cikin hoto, PSNR sau da yawa yana nufin matsakaicin ka'idar dangane da saturation na pixel. Duk da bambance-bambance a cikin batutuwan hoto, yanayin hoto da fasahar kyamara, don kyamarori na kimiyya na al'ada, hotuna masu sigina iri ɗaya na iya samun kamanceceniya. Matsayin 'girma', bambanta daga firam zuwa firam, kuma zuwa ɗan bambanci, duk na iya zama iri ɗaya a cikin waɗannan yanayi daban-daban. Sabili da haka, yana yiwuwa a sami fahimtar ƙimar SNR da yanayi daban-daban da ƙalubalen da suke nunawa daga hotunan wakilci, kamar waɗanda aka nuna a cikin tebur.
NOTE: Ƙimar siginar kololuwa a cikin photoelectrons na kowane jere ana bayar da ita cikin shuɗi. Duk hotuna da aka nuna tare da sikelin histogram na atomatik, yin watsi da (saturating) 0.35% na mafi haske da mafi duhu pixels. Hagu ginshiƙan hoto biyu: Hoton tushen ruwan tabarau na makasudin gwajin hoto. ginshiƙai huɗu na dama: An kama Ascaris a cikin haske tare da maƙasudin maƙiyi 10x. Don kwatanta bambance-bambancen firam-zuwa-firam a cikin ƙimar pixel a ƙananan SNR, an samar da firam guda uku masu jere.
Hoton tushen ruwan tabarau na makasudin gwaji, tare da hoton kyalli na kyalli ana nuna su, tare da zuƙowa na hoton mai kyalli wanda ke nuna bambancin tsakanin firam guda 3 masu zuwa. Hakanan ana ba da ƙididdige ƙimar hoto-electron a kowane matakin sigina.
Hoto na gaba yana nuna cikakkun nau'ikan waɗannan hotunan misalin don tunani.
Cikakken hotuna da aka yi amfani da su don misalan rabon sigina-zuwa amo
Hagu: Makasudin gwajin hoto wanda aka yi hoto tare da ruwan tabarau.
Dama: Samfurin sashin tsutsotsi na Ascaris nematode wanda aka duba tare da microscopy mai haske a 10x haɓakawa.
SNR a cikin Aikace-aikace
SNR yana da mahimmancin manufa a fagage daban-daban:
● Microscope - Gano ƙananan haske a cikin samfurori na halitta yana buƙatar SNR mai girma don kauce wa kuskuren ƙarya.
Ilimin taurari - Gano taurari masu nisa ko sararin samaniya yana buƙatar dogon fallasa tare da ƙaramar hayaniya.
● Spectroscopy - Babban SNR yana tabbatar da ingantattun ma'auni mai ƙarfi a cikin binciken sinadarai.
● Binciken Masana'antu - A cikin ƙananan layin taro, babban SNR yana taimakawa gano lahani a dogara.
Zaɓi Kyamara na Kimiyya tare da Dama SNR
Lokacin kimanta sabuwar kyamarar kimiyya:
●Duba ƙayyadaddun SNR- Kwatanta ƙimar dB a ƙarƙashin yanayi kama da aikace-aikacen ku.
●Daidaita Wasu Ma'auni- Yi la'akari da ingancin ƙididdigewa, kewayo mai ƙarfi, da ƙimar firam.
●Match Technology don Amfani da Harka- Don fage mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, kyamarar sCMOS na iya zama manufa; don batutuwa masu ƙarancin ƙarancin haske, CCD mai sanyaya ko EMCCD na iya yin aiki mafi kyau.
●Haɗin kai don Ingantaccen Gudun Aiki- Duk da yake baya shafar SNR kai tsaye, fasali kamar fitarwar HDMI na iya ba da damar sake duba hoto na ainihin lokaci, yana taimaka muku da sauri tabbatar da cewa saitunan sayan ku cimma SNR da ake so.
Kammalawa
Sigina-zuwa-Amo Ratio (SNR) shine ma'aunin aikin maɓalli wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye ga tsabta da amincin hotunan kimiyya. Fahimtar yadda aka bayyana SNR, abubuwan da suka shafi shi, da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da dabi'un SNR daban-daban suna ba masu bincike da masu amfani da fasaha damar kimanta tsarin hoto yadda ya kamata. Ta hanyar amfani da wannan ilimin-ko a cikin zaɓar sabonkyamarar kimiyyako inganta saitin da ke akwai-zaku iya tabbatar da cewa aikin hoton ku yana ɗaukar bayanai tare da madaidaicin matakin da ake buƙata don takamaiman aikace-aikacenku.
FAQs
Menene ake ɗaukar "mai kyau" SNR don kyamarori na kimiyya?
Madaidaicin SNR ya dogara da aikace-aikacen. Don tsananin buƙata, aikin ƙididdigewa-kamar microscopy na fluorescence ko astronomy - SNR sama da 40 dB ana ba da shawarar gabaɗaya, saboda yana samar da hotuna tare da ƙaramar ƙarar hayaniyar bayyane kuma tana adana cikakkun bayanai. Don amfani da dakin gwaje-gwaje na gaba ɗaya ko binciken masana'antu, 35-40 dB zai iya isa. Duk wani abu da ke ƙasa da 30 dB zai yawanci nuna hatsi mai ganuwa kuma yana iya daidaita daidaito, musamman a cikin ƙananan yanayi.
Ta yaya ingancin jimla (QE) ke shafar SNR?
Ƙimar ƙimar ƙididdiga tana auna yadda yadda na'urar firikwensin ke juyar da photon masu shigowa zuwa electrons. QE mafi girma yana nufin ƙarin hasken da ake samu ana kama shi azaman sigina, yana haɓaka mai ƙididdigewa a cikin lissafin SNR. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a yanayin ƙananan haske, inda kowane photon ya ƙidaya. Misali, kyamarar sCMOS mai QE na 80% za ta cimma SNR mafi girma a ƙarƙashin yanayi iri ɗaya idan aka kwatanta da firikwensin da ke da 50% QE, kawai saboda yana ɗaukar siginar da ake amfani da shi.
Menene bambanci tsakanin SNR da Ƙwararren-zuwa Noise Ratio (CNR)?
Yayin da SNR ke auna ƙarfin siginar gabaɗaya dangane da amo, CNR yana mai da hankali kan ganuwa na takamaiman fasali a kan asalinsa. A cikin hoton kimiyya, duka biyun suna da mahimmanci: SNR yana gaya muku yadda "tsabta" hoton yake gabaɗaya, yayin da CNR ke ƙayyade ko wani abu na sha'awa ya fi dacewa don ganowa ko aunawa.
Kuna son ƙarin koyo? Dubi labarai masu alaƙa:
Ƙimar Ƙimar Ƙirar Ƙimar a Kyamara na Kimiyya: Jagorar Mafari
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Duk haƙƙin mallaka. Lokacin ambato, da fatan za a yarda da tushen:www.tucsen.com
