25/08/05Daga wayoyin komai da ruwanka zuwa na'urorin kimiyya, na'urori masu auna hoto suna cikin zuciyar fasahar gani a yau. Daga cikin waɗannan, na'urori masu auna firikwensin CMOS sun zama babban ƙarfi, suna ba da ikon komai daga hotuna na yau da kullun zuwa na'urar hangen nesa na ci gaba da dubawar semiconductor.
Fasahar 'Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor' (CMOS) fasaha ce ta lantarki da saitin fasahar kere kere waɗanda aikace-aikacen su ke da faɗin gaske. Tabbas, fasahar CMOS za a iya cewa tana ƙarfafa zamanin dijital na zamani.
Menene Sensor na CMOS?
CMOS image firikwensin (CIS) suna amfani da pixels masu aiki, ma'ana amfani da transistor uku ko fiye a cikin kowane pixel na kamara. CCD da EMCCD pixels ba su ƙunshi transistor ba.
Na'urar transistor a cikin kowane pixel yana ba da damar sarrafa waɗannan 'pixels' masu aiki, haɓaka sigina ta hanyar transistor 'filin tasirin', da samun damar bayanan su, duk a layi ɗaya. A madadin hanyar karantawa guda ɗaya don gaba ɗaya firikwensin ko wani yanki mai mahimmanci na firikwensin, aCMOS kamaraya ƙunshi aƙalla jeri ɗaya na ADCs masu karantawa, ɗaya (ko fiye) ADC don kowane ginshiƙi na firikwensin. Kowannen waɗannan yana iya karanta ƙimar rukunin su lokaci guda. Bugu da ari, waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin 'pixel mai aiki' sun dace da dabaru na dijital na CMOS, suna ƙara yuwuwar aikin firikwensin.
Tare, waɗannan halayen suna ba da firikwensin CMOS saurin su. Duk da haka, godiya ga wannan haɓakar daidaiton, daidaikun ADCs suna iya ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don auna siginar da aka gano tare da ƙarin daidaito. Waɗannan lokuttan jujjuyawar da suka daɗe suna ba da izinin aiki mai ƙarancin amo, har ma don ƙididdige ƙimar pixel. Godiya ga wannan, da sauran sabbin abubuwa, ƙarar hayaniyar firikwensin CMOS yakan kai 5x – 10x ƙasa da na CCDs.
Kyamarorin CMOS na kimiyya na zamani (sCMOS) ƙaramin nau'in CMOS ne na musamman da aka ƙera don ƙaramar amo da hoto mai sauri a aikace-aikacen bincike.
Ta yaya CMOS Sensors Aiki? (Ciki har da Rolling vs Global Shutter)
Ana nuna aikin firikwensin CMOS na yau da kullun a cikin adadi kuma aka zayyana a ƙasa. Lura cewa sakamakon bambance-bambancen aiki da ke ƙasa, lokaci da aiki na fallasa zai bambanta ga na'urorin kyamarori na CMOS na duniya.
Hoto: Tsarin karantawa don firikwensin CMOS
NOTE: Tsarin karantawa na kyamarori na CMOS ya bambanta tsakanin kyamarori na 'rolling shutter' da 'global shutter' kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin rubutu. A kowane hali, kowane pixel yana ƙunshe da capacitor da amplifier wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki dangane da ƙididdigar photoelectron da aka gano. Ga kowane jere, ana auna ƙarfin wutar lantarki ga kowane ginshiƙi lokaci guda ta analog na shafi zuwa masu canza dijital.
Rolling Shutter
1. Don firikwensin CMOS mai jujjuyawa, farawa daga saman jere (ko cibiyar kyamarori masu tsagawa), share cajin daga jere don fara bayyanar wannan layin.
2. Bayan 'lokacin layi' ya wuce (yawanci 5-20 μs), matsa zuwa jere na gaba kuma maimaita daga mataki na 1, har sai dukkanin firikwensin yana fallasa.
3. Ga kowane layi, caji yana taruwa yayin fallasa, har sai layin ya ƙare lokacin bayyanarsa. Layi na farko da zai fara zai ƙare da farko.
4. Da zarar an gama fallasa ga jere, canja wurin caji zuwa capacitor da amplifier.
5. Ana haɗa wutar lantarki a cikin kowane amplifier a wannan jeren zuwa ginshiƙi ADC, kuma ana auna siginar kowane pixel a jere.
6. Aikin karantawa da sake saitawa zai ɗauki 'lokacin layi' don kammalawa, bayan haka jere na gaba don fara fallasa zai kai ƙarshen lokacin bayyanarsa, kuma tsarin ya maimaita daga mataki na 4.
7. Da zaran an gama karantawa don jere na sama, samar da layin ƙasa ya fara fallasa firam ɗin na yanzu, layin saman na iya fara bayyanar firam na gaba (yanayin overlap). Idan lokacin bayyanarwa ya fi guntu lokacin firam, layin saman dole ne ya jira layin ƙasa don fara fallasa. Mafi gajarta yiwuwar bayyanarwa shine yawanci lokacin layi ɗaya.
Tucsen's FL 26BW Cooled CMOS Kamara, yana nuna firikwensin Sony IMX533, yana amfani da wannan fasahar rufewa.
Shutter Duniya
1. Don fara sayan, ana share caji lokaci guda daga duk firikwensin (sake saitin pixel na duniya).
2. Caji yana taruwa yayin fallasa.
3. A ƙarshen fallasa, ana matsar da cajin da aka tattara zuwa rijiyar rufe fuska a cikin kowane pixel, inda za su iya jira a karanta ba tare da an ƙidaya sabbin hotunan hoto ba. Wasu kyamarori suna matsar da caji zuwa ma'aunin pixel capacitor a wannan matakin.
4. Tare da cajin da aka gano da aka adana a cikin abin rufe fuska na kowane pixel, yanki mai aiki na pixel zai iya fara bayyanar firam na gaba (yanayin zoba).
5. Tsarin karantawa daga wurin da aka rufe da abin rufe fuska yana ci gaba kamar na'urar firikwensin shutter: Jeri ɗaya a lokaci guda, daga saman firikwensin, ana canja wurin caji daga mashin da aka rufe da kyau zuwa capacitor da amplifier na karantawa.
6. Wutar lantarki a cikin kowane amplifier a wannan layin yana haɗe zuwa ginshiƙi ADC, kuma ana auna siginar kowane pixel a jere.
7. Aikin karantawa da sake saitawa zai ɗauki 'line time' kafin a kammala, sannan tsarin zai sake maimaita layi na gaba daga mataki na 5.
8. Da zarar an karanta duk layuka, kamara tana shirye don karanta firam na gaba, kuma ana iya maimaita tsarin daga mataki na 2, ko mataki na 3 idan lokacin fallasa ya riga ya wuce.
Tucsen's Libra 3412M Mono sCMOS Kamarayana amfani da fasahar rufewa ta duniya, yana ba da damar kama samfurori masu motsi a sarari da sauri.
Ribobi da Fursunoni na CMOS Sensors
Ribobi
● Matsakaicin saurin gudu: CMOS na'urori masu auna firikwensin yawanci umarni 1 zuwa 2 ne na girma cikin sauri cikin sarrafa bayanai fiye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD ko EMCCD.
● Manyan na'urori masu auna firikwensin: Saurin fitar da bayanai yana ba da damar ƙididdige ƙimar pixel da manyan filayen gani, har zuwa dubun ko ɗaruruwan megapixels.
● Karancin amo: Wasu na'urori masu auna firikwensin CMOS na iya karanta ƙarar ƙaramar 0.25e-, masu hamayya da EMCCDs ba tare da buƙatar ninka cajin da ke ƙara ƙarin hanyoyin amo ba.
● Girman girman pixel: Masu amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin kyamara suna fitar da girman pixel zuwa kewayon ~ 1 μm, kuma kyamarori na kimiyya har zuwa 11 μm a girman pixel na kowa, kuma har zuwa 16 μm suna samuwa.
● Ƙananan amfani da wutar lantarki: Ƙananan buƙatun kyamarori na CMOS suna ba su damar amfani da su a cikin aikace-aikacen kimiyya da masana'antu daban-daban.
● Farashin da rayuwa: Kyamarorin CMOS masu ƙarancin ƙarewa galibi suna kama da ƙarancin farashi ga kyamarori na CCD, kuma manyan kyamarori na CMOS sun fi na kyamarar EMCCD ƙasa kaɗan. Rayuwar sabis ɗin da ake tsammanin su yakamata ya zarce na kyamarar EMCCD.
Fursunoni
● Rufe mai jujjuyawaMafi yawan kyamarori na CMOS na kimiyya suna da abin rufe fuska, wanda zai iya ƙara rikitarwa ga ayyukan gwaji ko yin watsi da wasu aikace-aikace.
● Mafi girman duhut: Yawancin kyamarori na CMOS suna da duhu mafi girma fiye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD da EMCCD, wani lokaci suna gabatar da babbar hayaniya akan dogon filaye (> 1 seconds).
Inda Ake Amfani da Sensor na CMOS A Yau
Godiya ga iyawarsu, ana samun firikwensin CMOS a cikin ɗimbin aikace-aikace:
● Kayan Wutar Lantarki na Masu Amfani: Wayoyin hannu, kyamarori na gidan yanar gizo, DSLRs, kyamarori masu aiki.
● Kimiyyar Rayuwa: CMOS na'urori masu auna firikwensinkyamarori masu ma'anaana amfani da shi a cikin hoto mai haske da kuma binciken likita.
● Ilimin taurari: Telescopes da na'urorin daukar hoto sau da yawa suna amfani da CMOS na kimiyya (sCMOS) don babban ƙuduri da ƙaramar amo.
● Binciken Masana'antu: Binciken gani na atomatik (AOI), robotics, dakyamarori don duba semiconductordogara da firikwensin CMOS don sauri da daidaito.
● Motoci: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), duban baya da kyamarori.
● Sa ido & Tsaro: Ƙananan haske da tsarin gano motsi.
Gudun su da ƙimar ƙimar su sun sa CMOS ta zama mafita don amfani da kasuwanci mai girma da kuma aikin kimiyya na musamman.
Me yasa CMOS Ya Kasance Matsayin Zamani
Juya daga CCD zuwa CMOS bai faru da daddare ba, amma ya kasance babu makawa. Ga dalilin da ya sa CMOS yanzu ya zama ginshiƙin masana'antar hoto:
● Amfanin Kera: Gina kan daidaitattun layin ƙirƙira semiconductor, rage farashi da haɓaka haɓaka.
● Ribar AyyukaZaɓuɓɓukan rufewa na birgima da na duniya, ingantattun azancin haske, da ƙimar firam mafi girma.
● Haɗin kai & Hankali: CMOS na'urori masu auna firikwensin yanzu suna goyan bayan sarrafa kan-chip AI, ƙididdige ƙididdiga, da bincike na lokaci-lokaci.
● ƘirƙiriNau'o'in firikwensin da ke tasowa kamar CMOS da aka tattara, na'urori masu auna hoto, da na'urori masu lankwasa an gina su akan dandamali na CMOS.
Daga wayoyi zuwakyamarori na kimiyya, CMOS ya tabbatar da zama mai daidaitawa, mai ƙarfi, da shirye-shiryen gaba.
Kammalawa
Na'urori masu auna firikwensin CMOS sun samo asali zuwa ma'auni na zamani don yawancin aikace-aikacen hoto, godiya ga ma'auni na aiki, inganci, da farashi. Ko ɗaukar abubuwan tunawa na yau da kullun ko gudanar da bincike na kimiyya cikin sauri, fasahar CMOS tana ba da tushe ga duniyar gani ta yau.
Kamar yadda sabbin abubuwa kamar duniya mai rufewa CMOS da sCMOS ke ci gaba da faɗaɗa ƙarfin fasahar, ikonta zai ci gaba har shekaru masu zuwa.
FAQs
Menene bambanci tsakanin abin rufe fuska da na'urar rufewa ta duniya?
Mai rufewa yana karanta layin bayanan hoto akan layi, wanda zai iya haifar da kayan tarihi masu motsi (misali, skew ko wobble) lokacin ɗaukar batutuwa masu saurin tafiya.
Makullin duniya yana ɗaukar dukkan firam lokaci guda, yana kawar da murdiya daga motsi. Yana da manufa don aikace-aikacen hoto mai sauri kamar hangen nesa na inji da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya.
Menene Yanayin Matsala CMOS Rolling Shutter?
Don mirgina kyamarori na CMOS, a cikin yanayin daidaitawa, fallasa firam na gaba na iya farawa kafin na yanzu ya cika cikakke, yana ba da damar ƙimar firam mafi girma. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne saboda bayyanar kowane jere da karantawa suna takure cikin lokaci.
Wannan yanayin yana da amfani a aikace-aikace inda matsakaicin ƙimar firam da kayan aiki ke da mahimmanci, kamar a cikin bincike mai sauri ko sa ido na ainihi. Koyaya, yana iya ɗan ƙara rikitarwa na lokaci da aiki tare.
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Duk haƙƙin mallaka. Lokacin ambato, da fatan za a yarda da tushen:www.tucsen.com
