24/05/22He hōʻike nā mea ʻike EMCCD: hoʻonui i kou naʻau ma ka hōʻemi ʻana i kāu walaʻau heluhelu. ʻAe, kokoke, ʻoi aku ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke hoʻonui nei mākou i ka hōʻailona e hana i kāu leo heluhelu e like me ka liʻiliʻi.
A aloha mākou iā lākou, loaʻa iā lākou kahi home koke me nā hana hōʻailona haʻahaʻa e like me ka mole mole a me ka spectroscopy a laila hoʻolaha i waena o nā mea hoʻolako microscope system no nā mea e like me ka spinning disc, super resolution a ma waho. A laila pepehi mākou iā lākou. A i ʻole mākou?
Loaʻa i ka ʻenehana EMCCD kona mōʻaukala me ʻelua mau mea hoʻolako nui: e2V a me Texas Instruments. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo E2V, ʻo Teledyne e2V i kēia manawa, me nā mea ʻike mua i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1990 akā hana i nā neʻe maoli me ka ʻokoʻa i ʻae ʻia, loaʻa ka 512 x 512 me 16-micron pixels.
He hopena maoli kēia mea ʻike mua, a ʻoi paha ka mana nui o ka EMCCD a ʻo ka hapalua o kēia ka nui pixel. ʻO 16-micron pixels ma kahi microscope i hōʻiliʻili ʻia he 6 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka CCD kaulana loa o ka manawa, ka ICX285, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka moʻo CoolSnap a me Orca. Ma waho aʻe o ka nui o ka pixel, ua hoʻomālamalama hou ʻia kēia mau mea e hoʻohuli ana i 30% o nā kiʻi kiʻi e lawe ana i kēlā 6 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka naʻau i 7.
No laila, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka EMCCD ma mua o ka hoʻohuli ʻana a loaʻa i ka hopena o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka EMCCD. ʻOiaʻiʻo hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa hiki iā ʻoe ke bin i ka CCD, a i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i nā optics e hana i nā nui pixels nui aʻe - ʻo ka hapa nui o nā poʻe ʻaʻole i hana!
Ma waho aʻe o kēia, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o ka leo heluhelu ma lalo o 1 electron ke kī nui. He kī ia, akā ʻaʻole manuahi. Ua hoʻonui ke kaʻina hana hoʻonui i ka maopopo ʻole o ke ana hōʻailona ʻo ia hoʻi ka walaʻau pana, ke au ʻeleʻele, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa iā mākou ma mua o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana i hoʻonui ʻia e ka helu 1.4. No laila, he aha ke ʻano o ia mea? ʻAe, ʻo ia ka manaʻo ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka EMCCD akā ma ke kukui haʻahaʻa wale nō, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka wā e pono ai ʻoe?
E kūʻē i kahi CCD maʻamau, ʻaʻole ia he hoʻokūkū. Nā pika nui, ʻoi aku ka QE, EM Gain. A hauʻoli mākou a pau, ʻoi aku ka poʻe o mākou i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kamera: $40,000, ʻoluʻolu ...
ʻO nā mea wale nō i hiki iā mākou ke hana hou aku me ka wikiwiki, ka ʻāpana sensor, a (ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike he hiki) ka nui pixel liʻiliʻi.
A laila hele mai nā mana hoʻokuʻu aku a me ka hoʻokō, a ʻaʻole ia he leʻaleʻa. ʻIke ʻia he ʻano like ka ʻimi ʻana i nā molekala hoʻokahi a me nā rocket tracking, a ʻo nā hui kāmela a me kā lākou mea kūʻai aku e hoʻomalu i ke kūʻai aku a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.
A laila hele mai ʻo sCMOS, e hoʻomaka ana ma ka hoʻohiki ʻana i ka honua - a laila ma nā makahiki he 10 e hiki mai ana e hoʻopuka ana. Loaʻa nā pika liʻiliʻi i ka poʻe i ka 6.5 microns a lākou i makemake ai no nā pahuhopu 60x a me nā mea āpau me ka leo heluhelu haʻahaʻa ma kahi o 1.5 electrons. ʻAʻole kēia he EMCCD, akā kūʻē i nā electrons 6 o ka ʻenehana CCD hoʻohālikelike o ka manawa he mea kupanaha.
Ua hoʻomālamalama mua ʻia ka sCMOS mua. Akā i ka makahiki 2016 ua hōʻea mai ka sCMOS i hoʻomālamalama ʻia, a no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā mana mua i hoʻomālamalama mua ʻia he 11-micron pixels. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka QE a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka pixel, ua manaʻo nā mea kūʻai aku ua loaʻa iā lākou kahi pōmaikaʻi 3.5 x.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, i ka makahiki 2021, ua haki ka leo heluhelu sub-electron me kekahi mau kāmela ma lalo o 0.25 electrons - ua pau ia no EMCCD.
A i ʻole ...
ʻAe, ʻo kahi hapa o ka pilikia ka nui o ka pixel. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ka mea āu e makemake ai me ka optically akā ma ka ʻōnaehana like, hōʻiliʻili kahi 4.6-micron pixel i 12 x liʻiliʻi ma mua o kahi 16-micron.
I kēia manawa hiki iā ʻoe ke bin, akā e hoʻomanaʻo i ka binning me ka CMOS maʻamau e hoʻonui i ka walaʻau ma kahi hana o ka helu binning. No laila hauʻoli ka hapa nui o ka poʻe me kā lākou 6.5-micron pixels e manaʻo nei hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopaʻa i ko lākou ala i ka naʻau, akā ke pāpālua nei lākou i kā lākou leo heluhelu i 3 electrons.
ʻOiai inā hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ka walaʻau, ʻo ka nui o ka pixel, a me ka maikaʻi piha no ia mea, ʻo ia nō ka hoʻololi ʻana no ka hōʻiliʻili hōʻailona maoli.
ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe ka loaʻa a me ka ʻokoʻa - ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hina hina a ʻokiʻoki i kāu hōʻailona liʻiliʻi e hāʻawi i ka ʻokoʻa maikaʻi. Hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa ka leo like akā ke hōʻike ʻoe i 2 mau hina wale nō no kēlā me kēia electron me kahi CMOS ʻaʻole ʻoe e loaʻa nui ka pāʻani inā loaʻa iā ʻoe he 5 electrons o ka hōʻailona.
ʻO ka hope, pehea ka pani ʻana? I kekahi manawa, manaʻo wau ua poina mākou i ka mana o kēia mea hana ma EMCCD: kōkua maoli nā pani pani honua a māmā loa a wikiwiki hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā ʻōnaehana multi-component.
ʻO ka pahupaʻi kiʻi sCMOS wale nō aʻu i ʻike ai e hele kokoke mai ana i ka sensor 512 x 512 EMCCD ʻo ia ka Aries 16. Hoʻomaka kēia me 16-micron pixels a hāʻawi i nā electrons 0.8 o ka leo heluhelu me ka pono ʻole o ka bin. No nā hōʻailona ma luna o 5 photons (no ka 16-micron pixel), manaʻo wau ʻo ia ka mea maikaʻi loa aʻu i ʻike ai a ma kahi o ka hapalua o ke kumukūʻai.
No laila ua make ʻo EMCCD? ʻAʻole, a ʻaʻole e make maoli a loaʻa hou iā mākou kahi mea maikaʻi. ʻO ka pilikia, maikaʻi, nā pilikia āpau: ka leo nui, ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻelemakule, nā mana hoʻokuʻu ...
Inā he mokulele ka ʻenehana EMCCD, ʻo ia ka Concord. Ua makemake ka poʻe a pau i lele ia mea, akā ʻaʻole pono lākou a i kēia manawa me nā noho nui a me nā moena palahalaha – e hiamoe wale i kēlā mau hola 3 hou aʻe ma ka ʻAkelanika.
Ke ola nei ʻo EMCCD, ʻaʻole like me Concord, no ka mea ʻo kekahi poʻe - he helu liʻiliʻi a emi mau - pono ia. A i ʻole manaʻo paha lākou e hana?
ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka EMCCD, ʻo ka ʻenehana kiʻi paʻakikī loa a paʻakikī hoʻi i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻaʻole ʻoe e hana kūikawā, a i ʻole he loea kiʻi - ke hana nei ʻoe i kahi mea ʻokoʻa. A inā ʻaʻole ʻoe i hoʻāʻo e hoʻololi, a laila pono paha ʻoe.
