25/08/12ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kāmela kala i ka mākeke kamera mea kūʻai aku, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o nā kāmela monochrome i ke kiʻi ʻepekema.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā mea ʻike paʻi kiʻi ke ʻike i ke kala, a i ʻole ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o ke kukui a lākou e hōʻiliʻili ai. Pono ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kiʻi kala i ka nui o nā hoʻohālikelike i ka naʻau a me ka laʻana spatial. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā noi kiʻi he nui, e like me ka pathology, histology a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻoihana, pono ka ʻike kala, no laila ua maʻa mau nā kāmela ʻepekema kala.
Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻatikala i ke ʻano o nā kāmela ʻepekema kala, pehea lākou e hana ai, ko lākou ikaika a me nā palena, a ma kahi e ʻoi aku ai ka maikaʻi o kā lākou mau mea monochrome i nā noi ʻepekema.
He aha nā kāmela ʻepekema kala?
ʻO kahi kāmele ʻepekema kala he mea hana kiʻi kūikawā e hopu i ka ʻike kala RGB me ka hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe, pololei, a me ka paʻa. ʻAʻole like me nā kāmeʻa kala o nā mea kūʻai aku e hoʻokalakupua i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻike maka, ua hana ʻia nā kāmeʻa kala ʻepekema no ke kiʻi quantitative kahi i koʻikoʻi ai ka pololei o ka waihoʻoluʻu, ka linearity sensor, a me ka laulā ikaika.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau kāmela i nā noi e like me brightfield microscopy, histology, material analysis, a me nā hana ʻike mīkini kahi e pono ai ka wehewehe ʻike a i ʻole ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kala. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hapa nui o nā kāmela ʻepekema kala ma luna o nā mea ʻike CMOS a i ʻole sCMOS, i hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻokō i nā koi ikaika o ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.
No ka ʻike hohonu ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kiʻi like ʻole, e ʻimi i kā mākou koho o ka hana kiʻekiʻekamera ʻepekemanā hiʻohiʻona i kūkulu ʻia no nā noi ʻoihana.
Loaʻa i ke kala: The Bayer Filter
Ma keʻano maʻamau, loaʻa ka ʻike kala i nā pahupaʻikiʻi ma o ke ʻano like me ka hana hou ʻana o ke kala ma nā mea nānā a me nā pale: ma o ka hui pū ʻana o nā pika ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a polū i loko o nā 'superpixels' piha. Ke pau nā kaha R, G a me B i ko lākou waiwai nui, ʻike ʻia kahi pika keʻokeʻo.
ʻAʻole hiki i nā kiʻi kiʻilika ke ʻike i ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o nā kiʻi e hiki mai ana, pono e hoʻokō ʻia ka kaʻawale ʻana o kēlā me kēia kahawai hawewe R, G a i ʻole B ma o kāna kānana ʻana.
Ma nā pika ʻulaʻula, hoʻonoho ʻia kahi kānana pākahi ma luna o ka pika e ālai i nā lōʻihi nalu a pau akā ʻo nā mea ma ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula o ka spectrum, a pēlā pū no ka uliuli a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Eia nō naʻe, no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻāpana huinaha i ʻelua mau ʻāpana me ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻekolu mau kala kala, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi superpixel mai hoʻokahi ʻulaʻula, hoʻokahi polū a ʻelua mau pika ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke kiʻi.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā kānana Bayer no nā kāmela kala
HOOLAHA: Hoʻonohonoho ʻia o nā kānana kala i hoʻohui ʻia i nā pika pākahi no nā kiʻi paʻi kala me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho kānana Bayer, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana 4-pixel mau huina o Green, Red, Blue, Green pixels. Hiki ke ʻokoʻa ke kauoha i loko o ka ʻāpana 4-pixel.
Hoʻokumu mua ʻia nā pika ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka mea ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kumu kukui (mai ka lā a hiki i nā LED keʻokeʻo) e hōʻike i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻōmaʻomaʻo o ka spectrum, a no ka mea ʻo nā mea ʻike kukui (mai nā mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ko mākou mau maka) ke piʻi nui i ka naʻau i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
I ka wā e pili ana i ka nānā ʻana a me ka hōʻike kiʻi, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hāʻawi pinepine ʻia nā kiʻi i ka mea hoʻohana me nā pika e hōʻike ana i ko lākou waiwai R, G a i ʻole B. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi waiwai RGB 3-channel no kēlā me kēia pika o ke kāmela, ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā waiwai o nā pika kokoke, ma kahi kaʻina i kapa ʻia ʻo 'debayering'.
No ka laʻana, e hoʻopuka ana kēlā me kēia pika ʻulaʻula i ka waiwai ʻōmaʻomaʻo, mai ka awelika o nā pika ʻōmaʻomaʻo kokoke mai ʻehā, a i ʻole ma o kekahi algorithm ʻē aʻe, a pēlā pū no nā pika polū ʻehā kokoke.
ʻO nā pono a me nā pōʻino o ke kala
Pono
● Hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ke kala! Hāʻawi ke kala i ka ʻike waiwai e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka wehewehe ʻana o ke kanaka, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka wā e nānā ana i nā laʻana olaola a mea waiwai paha.
● ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hopu ʻana i nā kiʻi waihoʻoluʻu RGB ma mua o ka lawe ʻana i nā kiʻi R, G, a me B me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pahupaʻikiʻi monochrome
Cons
● Ho'emi nui 'ia ka na'au o nā kāme'a kala i ka ho'ohālikelike 'ana i ko lākou mau hoa monochrome, ma muli o ka lō'ihi nalu. Ma ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula a me ka uliuli o ka spectrum, ma muli o hoʻokahi wale nō o nā kānana pixel ʻehā e hele ana i kēia mau nalu nalu, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili māmā i ka 25% o ka pahu pahu monochrome like i kēia mau lōʻihi. I ka'ōmaʻomaʻo,ʻo ka helu he 50%. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe kānana i kūpono: ʻo ka hoʻoili kiʻekiʻe e emi iho ma mua o 100%, a haʻahaʻa paha ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ka nalu.
● Hoʻopilikia pū ʻia ka hoʻoholo ʻana o nā kikoʻī maikaʻi, no ka mea, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā helu hoʻohālike e kēia mau mea like (i 25% no R, B a i 50% no G). I ka hihia o nā pika ʻulaʻula, me 1 wale nō i ka 4 mau pika e hopu ana i ke kukui ʻulaʻula, ʻo ka nui pika kūpono no ka helu ʻana i ka hoʻonā ʻana he 2x ka nui o kēlā me kēia ana.
● Hoʻokomo mau ʻia i nā pahupaʻikiʻi kala kahi kānana infrared (IR). ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hiki i nā kiʻi kiʻilika ke ʻike i kekahi mau hawewe IR i ʻike ʻole ʻia e ka maka kanaka, mai 700nm a ma kahi o 1100nm. Inā ʻaʻole i kānana ʻia kēia kukui IR, e hoʻopilikia ia i ke koena keʻokeʻo, e hopena i ka hana hou ʻana i ka waihoʻoluʻu pololei, a ʻaʻole kūlike ke kiʻi i hana ʻia me ka mea i ʻike ʻia e ka maka. No laila, pono e kānana ʻia kēia kukui IR, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kāmela kala no nā noi kiʻi, e hoʻohana ana i kēia mau nalu.
Pehea e hana ai nā kāmela kala?
Ka laʻana o ke kāʻei kuantum kūpono o ka pahupaʻikiʻi kala
HOOLAHA: ʻO ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka hawewe i hōʻike ʻokoʻa ʻia no nā pika me kahi kānana ʻulaʻula, uliuli a me ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hōʻike pū ʻia ka pono quantum o ka mea ʻike like ʻole me nā kānana kala. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kānana kala e hoʻemi nui i ka pono quantum.
ʻO ke kumu o ka pahupaʻikiʻi kala ʻepekema ʻo kona ʻike kiʻi, maʻamau apahupaʻikiʻi CMOS or pahupaʻikiʻi sCMOS(CMOS ʻepekema), i lako me kahi kānana Bayer. ʻO ke kaʻina hana mai ka paʻi kiʻi kiʻi a hiki i ka hoʻopuka kiʻi e pili ana i nā ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi:
1. ʻIke Photon: Komo ke kukui i loko o ka lens a pā i ka ʻike. Pili kēlā me kēia pika i kahi lōʻihi nalu ma muli o ke kānana kala e lawe ai.
2. Hoʻololi i ka uku: Hoʻopuka nā kiʻi kiʻi i kahi hoʻoiho uila ma ka photodiode ma lalo o kēlā me kēia pika.
3. Heluhelu & Hoʻonui: Hoʻololi ʻia nā uku i nā voltages, heluhelu i ka lālani ma ka lālani, a ua helu ʻia e nā mea hoʻololi analog-to-digital.
4. Hoʻoponopono hou i ka waihoʻoluʻu: Hoʻopili ke kaʻina hana ma luna o ke kāmela a i ʻole nā polokalamu waho i ke kiʻi kala piha mai ka ʻikepili kānana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā algorithm demosaicing.
5. Hoʻoponopono Kiʻi: Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻanuʻu ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana e like me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pā pālahalaha, ke kaulike keʻokeʻo, a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka walaʻau e hōʻoia i ka hoʻopuka pololei a hilinaʻi.
ʻO ka hana o kahi pahupaʻikiʻi kala e hilinaʻi nui i kāna ʻenehana sensor. Hāʻawi nā mea ʻike kiʻi kiʻi CMOS o kēia manawa i ka wikiwiki a me ka leo haʻahaʻa, aʻo nā mea ʻike sCMOS i hoʻopaʻa ʻia no ka ʻike haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka laulā ākea ākea, koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻepekema. Hoʻonohonoho kēia mau kumu i ke kahua no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kāmela kala a me ka monochrome.
Nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi kala me nā kāmela Monochrome: Nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi
Hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā kala a me nā kiʻi kamera monochrome no ka hana haʻahaʻa
HOOLAHA: ʻIke ʻia ke kiʻi ʻālohilohi me ka hawewe lōʻihi ʻulaʻula e ka pahupaʻikiʻi kala (hema) a me kahi pahupaʻikiʻi monochrome (ʻākau), me nā kikoʻī pahupaʻiʻōlelo ʻē aʻe i koe. Hōʻike ke kiʻi kala i ka ratio haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa a me ka hoʻonā.
ʻOiai kaʻana like nā kāmela kala a me ka monochrome i nā ʻāpana he nui, ʻokoʻa ko lākou ʻokoʻa i ka hana a me nā hihia hoʻohana. Eia ka hoʻohālikelike wikiwiki:
| Hiʻona | Kāmeʻa kala | Paʻi kiʻi Monochrome |
| ʻAno ʻenekona | CMOS/sCMOS kānana Bayer | CMOS/sCMOS i kānana ʻole ʻia |
| Māmā Māmā | Haʻahaʻa (ma muli o nā kānana kala e ālai ana i ke kukui) | Kiʻekiʻe (ʻaʻohe kukui i nalowale i nā kānana) |
| Hoʻoholo Spatial | ʻO ka hoʻonā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (demosaicing) | Hoʻoholo maoli maoli |
| Nā noi kūpono | Brightfield microscopy, histology, nā mea nānā | ʻO Fluorescence, kiʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā ana pololei kiʻekiʻe |
| ʻIkepili kala | Hopu piha i ka ʻike RGB | Hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻāhinahina wale nō |
I ka pōkole, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kāmela kala i ka wā e pono ai ke kala no ka wehewehe ʻana a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana, aʻo nā kāmela monochrome ke kūpono no ka ʻike a me ka pololei.
Kahi o nā kāmela kala e Excel i nā noi ʻepekema
ʻOiai ko lākou mau palena, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kāmela kala ma nā wahi kūikawā he mea nui ka ʻokoʻa kala. Ma lalo iho nei kekahi mau laʻana o kahi e ʻālohilohi ai lākou:
ʻIke Ola a me Microscopy
Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā kāmela kala i ka microscopy brightfield, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka nānā ʻana i ka histological. ʻO nā ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ʻana e like me H&E a i ʻole Gram staining e hana i ka ʻokoʻa pili i ka waihoʻoluʻu e hiki ke unuhi wale ʻia me ka kiʻi RGB. Ke hilinaʻi pū nei nā keʻena hoʻonaʻauao a me nā keʻena pathology i nā kāmela kala e kiʻi i nā kiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā kiʻi olaola no ke aʻo ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻohana diagnostic.
ʻEpekema Mea Hana a me ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻili
Ma ka noiʻi waiwai, waiwai ke kiʻi kala no ka ʻike ʻana i ka corrosion, oxidation, coatings, a me nā palena waiwai. Kōkua nā pahupaʻikiʻi kala e ʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻili a i ʻole nā hemahema i hiki ʻole i ke kiʻi monochrome ke poina. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i nā mea i hui pū ʻia a i ʻole nā papa kaapuni paʻi e koi pinepine i ka hōʻike kala pololei.
ʻIke Mīkini a me ka Automation
I nā ʻōnaehana nānā ʻokoʻa, hoʻohana ʻia nā kāmela kala no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea, ʻike hemahema, a me ka hōʻoia hōʻailona. Hāʻawi lākou i nā algorithms ʻike mīkini e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana a i ʻole nā huahana e pili ana i nā kala kala, hoʻonui i ka pololei o ka automation i ka hana ʻana.
ʻO ka hoʻonaʻauao, ka palapala, a me ka hoʻolaha
Pono pinepine nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i nā kiʻi kala kiʻekiʻe no ka paʻi ʻana, nā manaʻo hāʻawi, a me ka hoʻolaha. Hāʻawi ke kiʻi waihoʻoluʻu i kahi hōʻike ʻike ʻepekema ʻoi aku ka intuitive a me ka nānā ʻana, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka kamaʻilio interdisciplinary a i ʻole ka hui lehulehu.
Nā Manaʻo Hope
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nā kāmela ʻepekema kala i nā kaila hana kiʻi hou i mea nui ka ʻokoʻa kala. ʻOiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻohālikelike i nā kāmela monochrome i ka naʻau a i ʻole ka hoʻonā maka, ʻo ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopuka i nā kiʻi kūlohelohe a hiki ke unuhi ʻia he mea nui ia i nā kula mai ka ʻepekema ola a i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻoihana.
Ke koho ʻana ma waena o ke kala a me ka monochrome, e noʻonoʻo i kāu mau pahuhopu kiʻi. Inā makemake kāu noi i ka hana māmā haʻahaʻa, ʻike kiʻekiʻe, a i ʻole ka ʻike fluorescence, ʻo ka pahupaʻikiʻi ʻepekema monochrome kāu koho maikaʻi loa. Akā no ka ʻike kiʻi brightfield, ka nānā ʻana i nā mea, a i ʻole nā hana e pili ana i ka ʻike i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka waihoʻoluʻu, kūpono paha kahi hopena kala.
No ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻōnaehana kiʻi kala kiʻekiʻe no ka noiʻi ʻepekema, e nānā i kā mākou laina piha o nā kiʻi kiʻi CMOS kiʻekiʻe a me nā hiʻohiʻona sCMOS i kūpono i kāu mau pono.
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Ua mālama ʻia nā kuleana āpau. Ke helu ʻana, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo i ke kumu:www.tucsen.com
