25.08.20Thaum ntsuam xyuas lub koob yees duab kev tshawb fawb, cov kev qhia tshwj xeeb tuaj yeem dhau los - pixel loj, quantum efficiency, dynamic ntau yam, thiab ntau dua. Ntawm cov specs no, qhov tob me ntsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev txiav txim siab ntau npaum li cas cov ntaub ntawv koj lub koob yees duab tuaj yeem ntes tau thiab ua ncaj ncees nws sawv cev rau cov ntsiab lus zoo.
Hauv kev tshawb fawb, qhov kev hloov pauv hloov maj mam hauv qhov ci tuaj yeem sawv cev cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, kev nkag siab me ntsis qhov tob tsis yog xaiv tau - nws yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Kab lus no piav qhia seb qhov tob npaum li cas, nws cuam tshuam li cas rau cov duab zoo, nws lub luag haujlwm hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug, thiab yuav ua li cas xaiv qhov tob me ntsis rau koj daim ntawv thov.
Qhov tob me ntsis: Qhov siab tshaj plaws Grey Qib suav hauv cov duab Pixel
Thaum ua haujlwm nrog lub koob yees duab tshawb fawb, qhov tob me ntsis txhais tau tias muaj pes tsawg qhov sib txawv siv qhov tseem ceeb txhua pixel tuaj yeem sau tau. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev vim hais tias hauv kev tshawb fawb imaging, txhua pixel tus nqi yuav raug ncaj qha mus rau ib tug ntsuas, xws li photon suav los yog fluorescence siv.
Qhov tob me ntsis qhia cov naj npawb ntawm 'ntsis' ntawm binary digital cov ntaub ntawv uas txhua pixel siv rau khaws cia qhov tseem ceeb, qhov twg 8 khoom tsim ib byte. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi grey yog muab los ntawm:
Qhov siab tshaj plaws grey qib = 2^(ntsis qhov tob)
Piv txwv li:
● 8-ntsis = 256 qib
● 12-ntsis = 4,096 qib
● 16-ntsis = 65,536 qib
Cov qib grey ntau dua tso cai rau kev ua kom pom kev ci ntsa iab zoo dua thiab muaj tseeb dua sawv cev ntawm qhov sib txawv me me, uas tuaj yeem yog qhov tseem ceeb thaum ntsuas cov teeb meem tsis pom kev lossis ua qhov kev ntsuas ntau.
ntsis tob thiab ceev
Kev nce me ntsis qhov tob txhais tau hais tias cov analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) yuav tsum tso tawm ntau cov khoom ib qhov kev ntsuas. Qhov no feem ntau xav kom lawv txo lawv cov kev ntsuas ib ob - piv txwv li, kom txo cov koob yees duab ncej tus nqi.
Vim li no, ntaukoob yees duab scientificmuab ob hom kev yuav khoom:
● High bit depth mode – Qhov no feem ntau muaj ntau dua dynamic ntau. Ua ntej qhov kev daws teeb meem tonal thiab dynamic ntau yam rau cov ntawv thov xws li fluorescence microscopy lossis spectroscopy.
● High-speed hom - Qhov no txo qhov tob me ntsis hauv kev pom zoo ntawm cov ncej nrawm dua, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov xwm txheej ceev hauv cov duab nrawm.
Paub txog qhov kev lag luam tawm no pab koj xaiv hom uas haum rau koj lub hom phiaj kev yees duab - precision vs.
ntsis tob thiab dynamic ntau yam
Nws yog ib qho ua rau tsis meej pem qhov tob nrog ntau yam dynamic, tab sis lawv tsis zoo ib yam. Qhov tob me ntsis txhais cov naj npawb ntawm qhov ua tau ci ntsa iab, thaum lub sijhawm dynamic ntau piav qhia qhov sib piv ntawm cov faintest thiab brightest detectable signals.
Qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm ob yog nyob ntawm lwm yam xws li lub koob yees duab nce chaw thiab nyeem cov suab nrov. Qhov tseeb, dynamic ntau yam tuaj yeem nthuav tawm hauv "cov khoom siv tau zoo," txhais tau hais tias kev ua haujlwm suab nrov tuaj yeem txo tus lej ntawm cov khoom uas ua rau cov ntaub ntawv siv tau.
Rau kev xaiv lub koob yees duab, qhov no txhais tau tias koj yuav tsum ntsuas ob qho tib si qhov tob thiab qhov sib txawv dynamic ua ke es tsis yog xav tias ib qho txhais tag nrho.
Cov bytes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cia yuav tsum tau ib lub koob yees duab thav duab (tsis muaj compression) tuaj yeem xam raws li:
Cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia
Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim - zoo li TIFF - khaws 9- rau 16-ntsis cov ntaub ntawv hauv 16-ntsis "wrapper". Qhov no txhais tau hais tias txawm tias koj cov duab tsuas yog siv 12 me ntsis, qhov chaw khaws hneev taw yuav zoo ib yam li daim duab 16-ntsis tag nrho.
Rau cov chaw sim tuav cov ntaub ntawv loj, qhov no muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo: cov duab me ntsis tob dua xav tau ntau qhov chaw disk, lub sijhawm hloov mus ntev dua, thiab ntau lub tshuab xam zauv rau kev ua haujlwm. Sib npaug precision xav tau nrog kev tswj cov ntaub ntawv muaj peev xwm yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm tau zoo.
Bit Depth cuam tshuam li cas rau duab zoo
Daim duab: piv txwv me ntsis tob
Nco tseg: Piv txwv ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm ntsis tob. Txo qhov tob me ntsis txo tus naj npawb ntawm cov kauj ruam siv uas tuaj yeem siv los tso saib cov duab.
Qhov tob me ntsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau ntau yam ntawm cov duab zoo hauv lub koob yees duab tshawb fawb.
Dynamic Range
Ntau qhov tob me ntsis ntes ntau qhov ci ntsa iab, khaws cov ntsiab lus hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo thiab qhov tseem ceeb.
Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv fluorescence microscopy, dim nta tej zaum yuav NW nyuam qhuav pom nyob rau hauv ib tug 8-ntsis duab tab sis muaj ntau txawv nyob rau hauv ib tug 16-ntsis capture.
Smoother Tonal Gradations
Qhov tob me ntsis siab dua tso cai rau kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab, zam "banding" hauv gradients. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev ntsuam xyuas ntau, qhov twg abrupt jumps tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig.
Teeb liab-rau-Noise Ratio (SNR) sawv cev
Txawm hais tias qhov tob me ntsis tsis ncaj qha nce lub sensor lub SNR, nws ua rau lub koob yees duab kom meej meej sawv cev hloov maj mam hloov pauv ntawm lub suab nrov hauv pem teb.
Yog tias lub sensor lub SNR qis dua qhov kev daws teeb meem los ntawm qhov tob me ntsis, cov khoom ntxiv no yuav tsis ua rau cov duab zoo tiag tiag - qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov.
Piv txwv:
●8-ntsis duab: Duab ntxoov ntxoo sib koom ua ke, faint nta ploj mus, thiab hloov maj mam ploj.
●16-ntsis duab: Gradations yog tas mus li, cov qauv faint yog khaws cia, thiab kev ntsuas ntau yog txhim khu kev qha.
Qhov tob me ntsis thiab cov ntaub ntawv raug nyob rau hauv Scientific imaging
Hauv kev tshawb fawb imaging, ib daim duab tsis yog ib daim duab xwb — nws yog cov ntaub ntawv. Txhua pixel tus nqi tuaj yeem ua raws li qhov ntsuas tau, xws li photon suav, fluorescence siv, lossis lub zog spectral.
Ntau qhov tob me ntsis txo qhov yuam kev quantization - qhov yuam kev sib npaug uas tshwm sim thaum lub teeb liab analog yog digitized rau hauv cov qib sib cais. Nrog ntau qib muaj, tus nqi digital muab rau ib pixel ntau ze ze rau qhov tseeb analog teeb liab.
Vim li cas qhov no tseem ceeb
● Hauv fluorescence microscopy, qhov sib txawv ntawm ib kauj ruam ntawm qhov ci tuaj yeem sawv cev qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov protein ntau.
● Hauv astronomy, faint signals los ntawm cov hnub qub nyob deb lossis galaxies tuaj yeem ploj yog tias qhov tob me ntsis qis dhau.
● Nyob rau hauv spectroscopy, qhov tob me ntsis kom paub meej ntau dua kev ntsuas ntawm nqus los yog emission kab.
Lub koob yees duab sCMOS nrog 16-ntsis tso zis tuaj yeem sau qhov sib txawv me me uas yuav pom tsis tau hauv qhov qis me ntsis qhov tob, ua rau nws tseem ceeb rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau qhov tseeb ntau.
Koj xav tau qhov tob npaum li cas?
Ntau daim ntawv thov yuav tsum muaj ob theem teeb liab siab thiab siab dynamic ntau yam, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ib tug siab me ntsis tob (14-ntsis, 16-ntsis los yog ntau tshaj) yuav pab tau.
Feem ntau nrog lub teeb pom kev tsawg, txawm li cas los xij, qhov muaj me ntsis qhov tob yuav muab ntau dua saturation siv ntau dua li yuav tau mus txog rau feem ntau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau 16-ntsis koob yees duab, tshwj tsis yog tias qhov nce siab tshwj xeeb, tag nrho 16-ntsis ntau yam tsis tshua tsim nyog.
Lub koob yees duab ceev dua lossis lub koob yees duab hom tuaj yeem tsuas yog 8-ntsis, uas tuaj yeem txwv ntau dua, txawm tias qhov nrawm dua uas 8-ntsis hom tuaj yeem ua rau feem ntau ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo. Cov tuam txhab lub koob yees duab tuaj yeem ua kom muaj ntau yam ntawm 8-ntsis hom los tiv thaiv cov teeb liab sib txawv ntawm cov ntawv thov kev sib txawv los ntawm kev hloov pauv tau nce.
Xaiv qhov zoo me ntsis qhov tob rau koj daim ntawv thov
Nov yog ib qho kev siv ceev rau kev sib piv me ntsis qhov tob rau cov duab scientific imaging scenarios:
| Daim ntawv thov | Pom zoo me ntsis tob | Yog vim li cas |
| Fluorescence Microscopy | 16-ntsis | Txheeb xyuas cov teeb liab faint thiab hloov maj mam sib txawv |
| Astronomy Imaging | 14-16-ntsis | Nthuav siab dynamic ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub teeb qis |
| Kev soj ntsuam kev lag luam | 12-14-ntsis | Txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws luag me me nrog qhov tseeb |
| Cov ntaub ntawv dav dav | 8-bit ib | Txaus rau cov hom phiaj tsis muaj ntau |
| Spectroscopy | 16-ntsis | Khaws cov kev hloov pauv zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv spectral |
Kev lag luam tawm:
●Ntau qhov tob me ntsis= zoo dua tonal daws teeb meem thiab raug, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv loj dua thiab ua haujlwm ntev dua.
●Tsawg me ntsis qhov tob= tau txais sai dua thiab cov ntaub ntawv me me, tab sis muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev poob cov ntsiab lus tsis meej.
Qhov tob me ntsis vs lwm lub koob yees duab Specs
Thaum qhov tob me ntsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, nws tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov puzzle thaum xaiv lub koob yees duab tshawb fawb.
Sensor hom (CCD vs CMOS vs sCMOS)
● Cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov sensors muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev nyeem cov suab nrov, ntau yam dynamic, thiab quantum efficiency. Piv txwv li, lub siab-ntsis-qhov tob sensor nrog tsis zoo quantum efficiency tseem yuav tawm tsam nyob rau hauv cov duab qis.
Quantum Efficiency (QE)
● QE txhais tau li cas lub sensor hloov photons rau hauv electrons. QE siab yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ntes cov cim tsis muaj zog, thiab thaum ua ke nrog qhov tob me ntsis, nws ua kom cov ntaub ntawv raug.
Dynamic Range
● Lub koob yees duab lub zog ntau yam txiav txim siab qhov ncua sij hawm nruab nrab ntawm cov teeb liab faintest thiab brightest nws tuaj yeem ntes ib txhij. Ntau qhov dynamic ntau yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws thaum sib txuam nrog qhov tob me ntsis uas muaj peev xwm sawv cev rau cov qib ci ntsa iab.
Nco tseg:
Ib qhov tob me ntsis siab dua yuav tsis txhim kho cov duab zoo yog tias lwm qhov kev txwv tsis pub muaj (xws li suab nrov lossis optics) yog qhov tsis zoo tiag tiag.
Piv txwv li, lub koob yees duab 8-ntsis uas muaj suab nrov tsawg tuaj yeem ua tau zoo tshaj 16-ntsis system hauv qee qhov kev siv.
Xaus
Hauv kev tshawb fawb pom, me ntsis qhov tob yog ntau tshaj qhov kev qhia tshwj xeeb - nws yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev ntes cov ntaub ntawv raug, txhim khu kev qha.
Los ntawm kev kuaj pom cov qauv faint hauv microscopy mus rau sau cov galaxies nyob deb ntawm astronomy, txoj cai me ntsis kom ntseeg tau tias koj lub koob yees duab kev tshawb fawb khaws cov ntsiab lus thiab ntsuas koj qhov kev tshawb fawb nyob ntawm.
Thaum xaiv lub koob yees duab:
1. Sib tw me ntsis qhov tob rau koj daim ntawv thov qhov kev xav tau.
2. Xav txog nws nrog rau lwm qhov tseem ceeb specs xws li quantum efficiency, suab nrov, thiab dynamic ntau yam.
3. Nco ntsoov tias qhov tob me ntsis siab dua yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaum koj lub cev tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua ntawm nws.
Yog koj tab tom nrhiav ibCMOS koob yees duab orsCMOS koob yees duabtsim los rau kev tshawb fawb siab-ntsis-qhov tob, tshawb xyuas peb cov qauv ua qauv tsim kom muaj tseeb, kev ntseeg tau, thiab cov ntaub ntawv raug.
FAQs
Dab tsi yog qhov sib txawv ntawm 12-ntsis, 14-ntsis, thiab 16-ntsis hauv kev tshawb fawb duab?
Hauv cov ntsiab lus siv tau, qhov dhia ntawm 12-ntsis (4,096 qib) mus rau 14-ntsis (16,384 qib) thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau 16-ntsis (65,536 qib) tso cai rau kev sib cais ntawm qhov ci ntsa iab.
● 12-ntsis txaus rau ntau daim ntawv thov kev lag luam thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas lub teeb pom kev zoo tswj tau zoo.
● 14-ntsis muaj qhov sib npaug zoo ntawm qhov tseeb thiab tswj tau cov ntaub ntawv loj, zoo tagnrho rau kev ua haujlwm hauv chav kuaj feem ntau.
● 16-ntsis ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv qis-teeb, siab-dynamic-ntau yam xwm txheej xws li fluorescence microscopy lossis astronomical imaging, qhov uas muaj peev xwm sau cov teeb liab faint tsis poob cov ntsiab lus ci yog qhov tseem ceeb.
Txawm li cas los xij, nco ntsoov tias lub koob yees duab lub suab nrov thiab lub zog muaj zog yuav tsum yog qhov zoo txaus los siv cov kauj ruam ntxiv tonal - txwv tsis pub, cov txiaj ntsig yuav tsis raug pom.
Puas siab dua me ntsis qhov tob ib txwm ua rau cov duab zoo dua?
Tsis tau. Qhov tob me ntsis txiav txim siab lub peev xwm tonal daws teeb meem, tab sis cov duab tiag tiag nyob ntawm lwm yam, suav nrog:
● Sensor rhiab heev (quantum efficiency)
● Readout suab nrov
● Optics zoo
● Illumination stability
Piv txwv li, lub suab nrov 16-ntsis CMOS lub koob yees duab yuav ntes tsis muaj kev nthuav dav ntau dua li lub suab qis 12-ntsis sCMOS lub koob yees duab hauv qee yam mob. Hauv lwm lo lus, qhov tob me ntsis siab dua yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws thaum ua ke nrog cov duab zoo tshaj plaws.
Kuv puas tuaj yeem downsample los ntawm cov duab siab-ntsis-qhov tob yam tsis poob cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb?
Yog - qhov tseeb, qhov no yog ib qho kev coj ua. Kev ntes ntawm qhov tob me ntsis ua rau koj yooj yim rau kev ua tiav tom qab thiab kev txheeb xyuas ntau. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem txo qis rau 8-ntsis rau kev nthuav qhia lossis khaws cia, khaws cov txiaj ntsig kev tshuaj ntsuam yam tsis tau khaws cov ntaub ntawv tag nrho. Tsuas yog xyuas kom tseeb tias cov ntaub ntawv siab-ntsis-qhov tob yog khaws cia rau qhov chaw yog tias xav tau rov txheeb xyuas dua.
Lub luag haujlwm dab tsi ua qhov tob me ntsis hauv kev ntsuas kev tshawb fawb ntau?
Hauv kev ua kom muaj nuj nqis, qhov tob me ntsis cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau qhov tseeb pixel qhov tseem ceeb sawv cev rau lub ntiaj teb lub teeb liab siv. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau:
● Microscopy – Ntsuas qhov siv fluorescence hloov ntawm qib cellular.
● Spectroscopy - Tshawb xyuas qhov hloov pauv hloov pauv hauv cov kab nqus / emissions.
● Astronomy – Teev cov teeb pom kev tsis pom kev dhau qhov raug ntev.
Hauv cov xwm txheej no, qhov tsis txaus me ntsis qhov tob tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov yuam kev lossis teeb liab clipping, ua rau kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug.
Xav kawm ntxiv? Ua tib zoo saib cov lus hais txog:
[Dynamic Range] – Dynamic Range yog dab tsi?
Quantum Efficiency nyob rau hauv Scientific Cameras: A Beginner's Guide
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