Nkag siab CMOS Sensors: Cov qauv niaj hnub rau feem ntau cov duab |

Los ntawm cov xov tooj smartphones mus rau cov cuab yeej tshawb fawb, cov duab sensors yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev siv tshuab pom niaj hnub no. Ntawm cov no, CMOS sensors tau dhau los ua lub zog tseem ceeb, muaj zog txhua yam los ntawm cov duab niaj hnub mus rau qib siab microscopy thiab semiconductor tshuaj xyuas.

'Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor' (CMOS) thev naus laus zis yog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hluav taws xob thiab cov txheej txheem tsim cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis uas nws cov ntawv siv tau dav heev. Qhov tseeb, CMOS thev naus laus zis tuaj yeem hais tau los txhawb lub hnub nyoog digital niaj hnub.

Dab tsi yog CMOS Sensor?

CMOS duab sensors (CIS) siv cov pixels nquag, txhais tau tias siv peb lossis ntau dua transistors hauv txhua pixel ntawm lub koob yees duab. CCD thiab EMCCD pixels tsis muaj transistors.

Cov transistors hauv txhua pixel pab kom cov 'active' pixels tswj tau, cov teeb liab nthuav dav los ntawm 'field effect' transistors, thiab lawv cov ntaub ntawv nkag mus, txhua qhov sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm ib txoj kev nyeem ntawv rau tag nrho cov sensor lossis ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub sensor, aCMOS koob yees duabsuav nrog tsawg kawg ib kab ntawm kev nyeem ADCs, ib qho (lossis ntau dua) ADC rau txhua kab ntawm lub sensor. Txhua tus tuaj yeem nyeem lawv kab ntawv tus nqi ib txhij. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov 'active pixel' sensors tau sib xws nrog CMOS digital logic, ua kom lub peev xwm sensor ua haujlwm.

Ua ke, cov qualities muab CMOS sensors lawv ceev. Txawm li cas los xij, ua tsaug rau qhov kev nce ntxiv ntawm qhov sib npaug, tus neeg ADCs tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntev dua los ntsuas lawv cov teeb meem pom nrog qhov tseeb dua. Lub sijhawm hloov dua siab tshiab no tso cai rau kev ua haujlwm tsis tshua muaj suab nrov, txawm tias ntau dua pixel suav. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, thiab lwm yam kev tsim kho tshiab, kev nyeem suab nrov ntawm CMOS sensors nyiam ntau npaum li 5x - 10x qis dua li ntawm CCDs.

Niaj hnub nimno scientific CMOS (sCMOS) koob yees duab yog ib tug tshwj xeeb subtype ntawm CMOS tsim rau tsis tshua muaj suab nrov thiab high-ceev duab nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb daim ntaub ntawv.

CMOS Sensors ua haujlwm li cas? (Suav nrog Rolling vs Ntiaj Teb Shutter)

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib txwm CMOS sensor yog qhia hauv daim duab thiab tau piav qhia hauv qab no. Nco ntsoov tias vim muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv qab no, lub sijhawm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov raug yuav txawv rau lub ntiaj teb no piv rau dov shutter CMOS koob yees duab.

Daim duab: Readout txheej txheem rau CMOS sensor

Nco tseg: Cov txheej txheem nyeem ntawv rau CMOS koob yees duab sib txawv ntawm 'rolling shutter' thiab 'global shutter' koob yees duab, raws li tau tham hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si, txhua pixel muaj ib tug capacitor thiab amplifier uas tsim ib tug voltage raws li qhov kuaj pom photoelectron suav. Rau txhua kab, qhov voltages rau txhua kab yog ntsuas ib txhij los ntawm kem analogue rau digital converters.

Rolling Shutter

1. Rau lub dov shutter CMOS sensor, pib ntawm kab saum toj kawg nkaus (los yog qhov chaw rau cov koob yees duab splitsensor), tshem tawm cov nqi ntawm kab kom pib qhov kev sib kis.
2. Tom qab 'lub sij hawm kab' tau dhau mus (feem ntau yog 5-20 μs), txav mus rau kab tom ntej thiab rov ua dua los ntawm kauj ruam 1, kom txog rau thaum tag nrho cov sensor tau nthuav tawm.
3. Rau txhua kab, tsub nqi ntxiv thaum lub sij hawm raug, kom txog rau thaum kab ntawd tau ua tiav nws lub sij hawm raug. Thawj kab pib yuav ua tiav ua ntej.
4. Thaum kis tau tiav rau ib kab, hloov cov nqi mus rau lub readout capacitor thiab amplifier.
5. Qhov hluav taws xob nyob rau hauv txhua lub amplifier nyob rau hauv kab ntawv txuas mus rau kab ADC, thiab cov teeb liab ntsuas rau txhua pixel hauv kab.
6. Lub sijhawm nyeem ntawv thiab rov pib ua haujlwm yuav siv sijhawm 'kab sijhawm' kom tiav, tom qab ntawd kab txuas ntxiv mus pib raug yuav tau mus txog qhov kawg ntawm nws lub sijhawm raug, thiab cov txheej txheem rov qab los ntawm kauj ruam 4.
7. Thaum cov ntawv nyeem tiav rau cov kab saum toj kawg nkaus, muab cov kab hauv qab tau pib nthuav tawm cov thav duab tam sim no, kab saum toj kawg nkaus yuav pib nthuav tawm ntawm tus ncej tom ntej (hom sib tshooj). Yog hais tias lub sij hawm raug luv dua lub sij hawm ncej, kab saum toj kawg nkaus yuav tsum tau tos rau kab hauv qab kom pib raug. Qhov luv tshaj plaws tau kis tau yog feem ntau ib lub sij hawm kab.

Tucsen's FL 26BW Txias CMOS Lub Koob Yees Duab, featuring Sony IMX533 sensor, siv no dov shutter technology.

Ntiaj teb no Shutter

Qhov chaw:GMAX3412 Ntiaj teb no Shutter CMOS Duab Sensor

1. Txhawm rau pib qhov tau txais, them nyiaj ib txhij tshem tawm tag nrho cov sensor (lub ntiaj teb rov pib dua ntawm pixel zoo).
2. Charges accumulates thaum raug.
3. Thaum kawg ntawm qhov raug, cov nqi sau tau raug hloov mus rau lub qhov ncauj qhov ntswg nyob rau hauv txhua pixel, qhov chaw uas lawv tuaj yeem tos nyeem ntawv yam tsis tau suav cov photons tshiab. Qee lub koob yees duab txav mus rau hauv pixel capacitor ntawm theem no.
4. Nrog rau kev kuaj pom cov nqi khaws cia hauv thaj chaw npog ntawm txhua pixel, thaj chaw nquag ntawm pixel tuaj yeem pib nthuav tawm ntawm tus ncej tom ntej (kev sib tshooj).
5. Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv los ntawm qhov chaw npog qhov ncauj qhov ntswg tau ua raws li rau dov shutter sensors: Ib kab ntawm ib lub sij hawm, los ntawm sab saum toj ntawm lub sensor, tsub raug xa mus los ntawm lub npog qhov ncauj zoo mus rau lub readout capacitor thiab amplifier.
6. Qhov voltage nyob rau hauv txhua lub amplifier nyob rau hauv kab yog txuas nrog kab ADC, thiab lub teeb liab ntsuas rau txhua pixel nyob rau hauv kab.
7. Lub sijhawm nyeem ntawv thiab rov pib ua haujlwm yuav siv sijhawm 'kab' kom tiav, qhov twg cov txheej txheem yuav rov ua rau kab tom ntej los ntawm kauj ruam 5.
8. Thaum tag nrho cov kab tau nyeem lawm, lub koob yees duab tau npaj los nyeem cov thav duab tom ntej, thiab cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem rov ua dua los ntawm kauj ruam 2, lossis qib 3 yog tias lub sijhawm cuam tshuam tau dhau mus lawm.

Tucsen's Libra 3412M Mono sCMOS Lub Koob Yees Duabsiv lub ntiaj teb shutter technology, ua kom pom tseeb thiab ceev ceev ntawm cov qauv txav.

Pros thiab Cons ntawm CMOS Sensors

Pros

● Kev nrawm dua: CMOS sensors feem ntau yog 1 mus rau 2 qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nrawm dua li CCD lossis EMCCD sensors.
● Cov sensors loj dua: Cov ntaub ntawv nrawm dua tuaj yeem ua rau ntau dua pixel suav thiab thaj chaw loj dua, mus txog kaum lossis ntau pua megapixels.
● Tsawg suab nrov: Qee qhov CMOS sensors tuaj yeem nyeem cov suab nrov tsawg li 0.25e-, sib tw EMCCDs yam tsis tas yuav tsum tau them nqi ntxiv uas ntxiv cov suab nrov ntxiv.
● Pixel loj hloov tau: Consumer and smartphone cameras sensors drive pixels size down to the ~1 μm range, and scientific cameras up to 11 μm in pixel size are common, and up to 16 μm muaj.
● Tsawg zog siv: Cov kev cai qis zog ntawm CMOS koob yees duab pab kom lawv siv tau rau ntau yam kev tshawb fawb thiab kev lag luam.
● Nqe thiab lub neej ntev: Cov koob yees duab qis kawg CMOS feem ntau zoo sib xws lossis qis dua rau cov koob yees duab CCD, thiab cov koob yees duab CMOS high-end yog tus nqi qis dua EMCCD cov koob yees duab. Lawv qhov kev cia siab rau lub neej yuav tsum muaj ntau tshaj li ntawm EMCCD lub koob yees duab.

Cons

● Rolling shutter: Feem ntau ntawm kev tshawb fawb CMOS koob yees duab muaj lub kaw lus dov, uas tuaj yeem ntxiv qhov nyuaj rau kev sim ua haujlwm lossis txiav txim tawm qee qhov kev siv.
● Cov curren tsaus nti siab duat: Feem ntau lub koob yees duab CMOS muaj qhov tsaus ntuj ntau dua li CCD thiab EMCCD sensors, qee zaum qhia lub suab nrov ntawm qhov ntev ntev (> 1 thib ob).

Qhov twg CMOS Sensors tau siv niaj hnub no

Ua tsaug rau lawv cov kev ua tau zoo, CMOS sensors pom nyob rau hauv ntau cov ntawv thov:

● Cov Khoom Siv Hluav Taws Xob: Smartphones, webcams, DSLRs, action cams.
● Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Ua Neej: CMOS sensors zogmicroscopy koob yees duabsiv nyob rau hauv fluorescence imaging thiab kho mob diagnostics.

● Astronomy: Telescopes thiab space imaging devices feem ntau siv scientific CMOS (sCMOS) rau kev daws teeb meem siab thiab suab nrov.
● Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Lag Luam: Automated optical inspection (AOI), robotics, thiabkoob yees duab rau kev tshuaj xyuas semiconductorcia siab rau CMOS sensors kom ceev thiab raug.

● Automotive: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), rear-view and parking cameras.
● Kev Saib Xyuas & Kev Ruaj Ntseg: Tsawg-teeb pom kev zoo thiab kev txav chaw.

Lawv qhov ceev thiab tus nqi-ua tau zoo ua rau CMOS qhov kev daws teeb meem rau ob qho tib si kev lag luam loj thiab kev ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb.

Yog vim li cas CMOS yog tam sim no tus qauv niaj hnub

Kev hloov ntawm CCD mus rau CMOS tsis tau tshwm sim thaum hmo ntuj, tab sis nws yog qhov kev zam. Nov yog vim li cas CMOS tam sim no yog lub hauv paus kev lag luam duab:

● Kev Tsim Khoom Zoo: Ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem semiconductor fabrication kab, txo nqi thiab txhim kho scalability.
● Kev Ua Tau Zoo: Rolling thiab thoob ntiaj teb shutter xaiv, txhim kho lub teeb rhiab heev, thiab tus ncej siab dua.
● Kev koom ua ke & kev txawj ntse: CMOS sensors tam sim no txhawb nqa on-chip AI ua, ntug kev suav, thiab tshawb xyuas lub sijhawm.
● Kev tsim kho tshiab: Cov hom sensors tshiab xws li stacked CMOS, quanta duab sensors, thiab nkhaus sensors yog tsim rau ntawm CMOS platforms.

Los ntawm smartphones mus raukoob yees duab scientific, CMOS tau ua pov thawj tias yuav hloov tau, muaj zog, thiab npaj txhij rau yav tom ntej.

Xaus

CMOS sensors tau hloov zuj zus mus rau hauv cov qauv niaj hnub rau feem ntau daim ntawv thov, ua tsaug rau lawv qhov sib npaug ntawm kev ua tau zoo, kev ua tau zoo, thiab tus nqi. Txawm hais tias khaws cia txhua hnub lossis ua qhov kev tshawb fawb nrawm nrawm, CMOS thev naus laus zis muab lub hauv paus rau lub ntiaj teb pom niaj hnub no.

Raws li kev tsim kho tshiab zoo li lub ntiaj teb kaw CMOS thiab sCMOS txuas ntxiv nthuav dav lub peev xwm thev naus laus zis, nws txoj kev tswj hwm tau teeb tsa txuas ntxiv mus rau xyoo tom ntej.

FAQs

Dab tsi yog qhov txawv ntawm lub kaw lus dov thiab lub ntiaj teb shutter?

Lub kaw lus dov nyeem tawm cov duab cov ntaub ntawv kab los ntawm kab, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov duab kos duab (xws li, skew lossis wobble) thaum ntes cov ntsiab lus nrawm.

Lub ntiaj teb shutter captures tag nrho cov ncej ib txhij, tshem tawm distortion ntawm tsab ntawv tsa suab. Nws yog qhov zoo tagnrho rau kev siv cov duab nrawm xws li lub zeem muag tshuab thiab kev sim kev tshawb fawb.

Rolling Shutter CMOS Overlap Hom yog dab tsi?

Rau dov shutter CMOS cov koob yees duab, nyob rau hauv hom sib tshooj, raug tus ncej tom ntej tuaj yeem pib ua ntej qhov tam sim no tau ua tiav tag nrho, tso cai rau tus nqi siab dua. Qhov no yog ua tau vim hais tias txhua kab qhov raug thiab nyeem ntawv yog staggered nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm.

Hom no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau hauv cov ntawv thov uas qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi thiab kev xa tawm yog qhov tseem ceeb, xws li hauv kev soj ntsuam kev kub ceev lossis kev taug qab lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav ua rau me ntsis nce qhov nyuaj ntawm lub sijhawm thiab synchronization.