25/08/20Mukawunika kamera yasayansi, mawonekedwe aukadaulo amatha kukhala ochulukirapo - kukula kwa pixel, kuchuluka kwachulukidwe, kuchuluka kwamphamvu, ndi zina zambiri. Mwa izi, kuzama pang'ono ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa zomwe kamera yanu ingajambule komanso momwe ikuyimira mokhulupirika zambiri.
M'malingaliro asayansi, pomwe kusiyanasiyana kosawoneka bwino kwa kuwala kumatha kuyimira deta yofunika, kumvetsetsa kuzama sikofunikira - ndikofunikira.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za kuya pang'ono, momwe zimakhudzira mtundu wazithunzi, ntchito yake pakulondola kwa data, ndi momwe mungasankhire kuya koyenera kwa pulogalamu yanu.
Kuzama Pang'ono: Kuwerengera Kwambiri Imvi mu Pixel yazithunzi
Mukamagwira ntchito ndi kamera yasayansi, kuzama pang'ono kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa pixel iliyonse kungajambule. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa pazithunzi zasayansi, mtengo wa pixel iliyonse ukhoza kugwirizana mwachindunji ndi kuchuluka kwake, monga kuchuluka kwa photon kapena mphamvu ya fluorescence.
Kuzama pang'ono kukuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa 'bits' za data ya digito yomwe pixel iliyonse imagwiritsa ntchito posungira kukula kwake, pomwe ma bits 8 amapanga baiti imodzi. Mtengo waukulu wa imvi umaperekedwa ndi:
Miyezo yotuwa kwambiri = 2^(kuya pang'ono)
Mwachitsanzo:
● 8-bit = 256 misinkhu
● 12-bit = 4,096 milingo
● 16-bit = 65,536 misinkhu
Miyezo yotuwa yochulukirapo imalola kuwongolera kowala bwino komanso kuyimira kolondola kwa kusiyana kosawoneka bwino, komwe kumatha kukhala kofunikira kwambiri poyesa ma siginecha osawoneka bwino kapena kusanthula kuchuluka.
Kuzama pang'ono ndi liwiro
Kuchulukirachulukira pang'ono kumatanthauza kuti ma analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) ayenera kutulutsa ma bits ambiri pa muyeso. Izi zimafunikira kuti achepetse miyeso yawo pamphindikati - mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chimango cha kamera.
Pachifukwa ichi, ambirimakamera asayansiperekani njira ziwiri zopezera:
● Kuzama kwapang'onopang'ono - Izi nthawi zambiri zimapereka mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri. Imayika patsogolo kusanja kwa ma tonal ndi mitundu yosinthika yamapulogalamu monga fluorescence microscopy kapena spectroscopy.
● Mawonekedwe othamanga kwambiri - Izi zimachepetsa kuya pang'ono kuti zigwirizane ndi mafelemu othamanga, zomwe ndizofunikira pazochitika zachangu pazithunzi zothamanga kwambiri.
Kudziwa kusinthaku kumakuthandizani kusankha njira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zolinga zanu - kulondola ndi kusamvana kwakanthawi.
Kuzama pang'ono ndi mitundu yosinthika
Ndizofala kusokoneza kuya pang'ono ndi dynamic range, koma sizofanana. Kuzama kwapang'ono kumatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa milingo yowala yotheka, pomwe mitundu yosinthika imafotokoza chiyerekezo chapakati pazizindikiro zocheperako komanso zowala kwambiri.
Ubale pakati pa awiriwa umadalira zina zowonjezera monga zosintha za kamera ndi phokoso lowerengera. M'malo mwake, ma dynamic range atha kufotokozedwa mu "ma bits ogwira mtima," kutanthauza kuti phokoso litha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma bits omwe amathandizira pazithunzi zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Pakusankha kwa kamera, izi zikutanthauza kuti muyenera kuwunika kuya pang'ono ndi masinthidwe osunthika palimodzi m'malo mongoganiza kuti imodzi imatanthauzira ina.
Ma byte osungira deta ofunikira pa chimango cha kamera (popanda kukakamiza) akhoza kuwerengedwa motere:
Kusungirako deta
Kuphatikiza apo, mafayilo ena - monga TIFF - sungani data ya 9- mpaka 16-bit mkati mwa "wrapper" ya 16-bit. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale chithunzi chanu chitangogwiritsa ntchito ma bits 12, chosungirako chingakhale chofanana ndi chithunzi chonse cha 16-bit.
Kwa ma lab omwe amagwira ntchito zazikuluzikulu, izi zimakhala ndi tanthauzo: zithunzi zakuzama kwambiri zimafuna malo ochulukirapo a disk, nthawi yayitali yosinthira, ndi mphamvu zambiri zamakompyuta kuti zitheke. Kulinganiza zofunikira zolondola ndi kuchuluka kwa kasamalidwe ka data ndikofunikira kuti ntchito iyende bwino.
Momwe Kuzama Kwapang'ono Kumakhudzira Ubwino Wazithunzi
Chithunzi: Zitsanzo zozama pang'ono
ZINDIKIRANI: Chithunzi cha lingaliro lakuzama pang'ono. Kuchepetsa kuzama pang'ono kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa masitepe omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito powonetsa chithunzicho.
Kuzama pang'ono kumakhudza kwambiri mbali zingapo za mtundu wazithunzi mu kamera yasayansi.
Dynamic Range
Kuzama kwapang'onopang'ono kumajambula milingo yowala kwambiri, ndikusunga tsatanetsatane wazithunzi ndi zowunikira.
Mwachitsanzo, mu microscopy ya fluorescence, mawonekedwe amdima sangawonekere pachithunzi cha 8-bit koma amawonekera kwambiri pakujambula kwa 16-bit.
Maphunziro a Tonal Smoother
Kuya kwapang'onopang'ono kumapangitsa kusintha kosalala pakati pa milingo yowala, kupewa "kumanga" mu gradient. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pakuwunika kuchuluka, komwe kudumpha mwadzidzidzi kumatha kusokoneza zotsatira.
Kuyimira kwa Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Ngakhale kuzama pang'ono sikuwonjezera mwachindunji SNR ya sensa, imathandizira kamera kuyimira molondola kusiyanasiyana kwazizindikiro pamwamba pa phokoso.
Ngati SNR ya sensa ndiyotsika poyerekeza ndi lingaliro loperekedwa ndi kuya pang'ono, ma bits owonjezerawo sangathandizire ku mtundu weniweni wa chithunzi - chinthu choyenera kukumbukira.
Chitsanzo:
●Chithunzi cha 8-bit: Mithunzi imaphatikizana, mawonekedwe osawoneka bwino amatha, ndipo zosintha zosawoneka bwino zimatayika.
●Chithunzi cha 16-bit: Ma graduation ndi osalekeza, nyumba zosalimba zimasungidwa, ndipo miyeso yochulukirapo ndiyodalirika.
Kuzama Pang'ono ndi Kulondola Kwa data mu Kujambula kwa Sayansi
Pazithunzi zasayansi, chithunzi si chithunzi chabe - ndi deta. Mtengo wa pixel uliwonse ukhoza kufanana ndi kuchuluka koyezera, monga photon count, fluorescence intensity, kapena mphamvu ya spectral.
Kuzama kwapang'ono kumachepetsa cholakwika cha kuchuluka - cholakwika chozungulira chomwe chimachitika pomwe siginecha ya analogi imasinthidwa kukhala magawo osiyanasiyana. Ndi milingo yochulukirapo yomwe ilipo, mtengo wa digito woperekedwa ku pixel umagwirizana kwambiri ndi chizindikiro chenicheni cha analogi.
Chifukwa chiyani izi zili zofunika
● Mu microscopy ya fluorescence, kusiyana kwa gawo limodzi pakuwala kungasonyeze kusintha kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni.
● Mu sayansi ya zakuthambo, mphamvu ya nyenyezi kapena milalang'amba yakutali imatha kutayika ngati kuya kwake kuli kochepa kwambiri.
● Mu spectroscopy, kuya kwapamwamba kwambiri kumatsimikizira miyeso yolondola kwambiri ya mayamwidwe kapena mizere yotulutsa mpweya.
Kamera ya sCMOS yokhala ndi 16-bit yotulutsa imatha kujambula kusiyana kobisika komwe sikungakhale kosawoneka munjira yozama pang'ono, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira kulondola kachulukidwe.
Mukufuna Kuzama Pang'ono Kotani?
Mapulogalamu ambiri amafunikira ma siginoloji apamwamba komanso osiyanasiyana osinthika, pomwe kuya kwapang'ono (14-bit, 16-bit kapena kupitilira apo) kungakhale kopindulitsa.
Nthawi zambiri ndi kuyerekeza kwa kuwala kochepa, komabe, kuya kwapang'ono komwe kulipo kumapereka mphamvu zochulukirapo kuposa momwe zimafikira nthawi zambiri. Makamaka makamera a 16-bit, pokhapokha ngati phindu liri lokwera kwambiri, mitundu yonse ya 16-bit sifunikira nthawi zambiri.
Makamera othamanga kwambiri kapena makamera amatha kukhala 8-bit, omwe amatha kukhala ocheperako, ngakhale kuthamanga kwapamwamba komwe mitundu ya 8-bit imatha kupangitsa kuti malondawo akhale opindulitsa. Opanga makamera amatha kukulitsa kusinthasintha kwa mitundu ya 8-bit kuti athe kuthana ndi milingo yofananira yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazithunzi kudzera pazosintha zosinthika.
Kusankha Kuzama Kwapang'ono Koyenera pa Ntchito Yanu
Nayi maumboni ofulumira ofananiza kuya pang'ono ndi zochitika zodziwika bwino za sayansi:
| Kugwiritsa ntchito | Kuzama Kwapang'ono Kovomerezeka | Chifukwa |
| Fluorescence Microscopy | 16-bit | Zindikirani ma siginecha ang'onoang'ono ndi kusiyanasiyana kosadziwika bwino |
| Astronomy Imaging | 14-16-bit | Jambulani masinthidwe apamwamba kwambiri pakawala kochepa |
| Kuyendera kwa Industrial | 12-14-bit | Dziwani zolakwika zazing'ono momveka bwino |
| General Documentation | 8-bit pa | Zokwanira pazolinga zopanda kuchuluka |
| Spectroscopy | 16-bit | Sungani kusiyanasiyana kwabwino kwa data ya spectral |
Kusinthanitsa:
●Kuzama pang'ono= kusintha kwa tonal bwino komanso kulondola, koma mafayilo akuluakulu komanso nthawi yayitali yokonza.
●Kuzama pang'ono= kupeza mwachangu ndi mafayilo ang'onoang'ono, koma chiopsezo chotaya zambiri.
Kuzama Kwapang'ono vs Zolemba Zina za Kamera
Ngakhale kuya pang'ono ndikofunikira, ndi gawo limodzi lokha lachithunzithunzi posankha kamera yasayansi.
Mtundu wa Sensor (CCD vs CMOS vs sCMOS)
● Zomangamanga za ma sensor osiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi phokoso losiyanasiyana la mawerengedwe, kuchuluka kwamphamvu, komanso kuchuluka kwachulukidwe. Mwachitsanzo, kachipangizo kozama kwambiri kokhala ndi vuto lochepa kwambiri la quantum kumatha kuvutikirabe pakujambula kopepuka.
Kuchita bwino kwa Quantum (QE)
● QE imatanthawuza momwe kachipangizo kamene kamasinthira bwino ma photon kukhala ma elekitironi. High QE ndiyofunikira pojambula ma siginecha ofooka, ndipo ikalumikizidwa ndikuzama kokwanira, imakulitsa kulondola kwa data.
Dynamic Range
● Kusinthasintha kwa kamera kumatsimikizira kutalika kwapakati pa ma siginoloji ochepa kwambiri ndi owala kwambiri omwe angajambule nthawi imodzi. Mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri umapindulitsa kwambiri ukafananizidwa ndi kuya pang'ono komwe kungathe kuyimira milingo yowalayo.
Zindikirani:
Kuzama kwapang'ono sikungawongolere mawonekedwe azithunzi ngati zoletsa zina zamakina (monga phokoso kapena ma optics) ndizomwe zimalepheretsa.
Mwachitsanzo, kamera ya 8-bit yokhala ndi phokoso lotsika kwambiri imatha kupitilira phokoso la 16-bit pamapulogalamu ena.
Mapeto
M'malingaliro asayansi, kuya pang'ono sikungotengera luso laukadaulo - ndizofunikira kwambiri pojambula zolondola, zodalirika.
Kuchokera pakuzindikira zinthu zosaoneka bwino mu microscope mpaka kujambula milalang'amba yakutali mu zakuthambo, kuya koyenera kumatsimikizira kuti kamera yanu yasayansi imasunga tsatanetsatane ndi miyeso yomwe kafukufuku wanu amadalira.
Mukasankha kamera:
1. Fananizani kuya pang'ono ndi zofunikira za pulogalamu yanu.
2. Lingalireni pamodzi ndi zina zofunika kwambiri monga kuchuluka kwachangu, phokoso, ndi kusinthasintha.
3. Kumbukirani kuti kuzama kwakung'ono kuli kofunikira kwambiri pamene dongosolo lanu lingatengerepo mwayi.
Ngati mukuyang'ana aKamera ya CMOS orsCMOS kameraopangidwa kuti azijambula mozama kwambiri asayansi, fufuzani mitundu yathu yosiyanasiyana yopangidwa kuti ikhale yolondola, yodalirika, komanso yolondola kwambiri.
FAQs
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa 12-bit, 14-bit, ndi 16-bit pazithunzi zasayansi?
Mwachidziwitso, kulumpha kuchokera pa 12-bit (miyezo 4,096) kupita ku 14-bit (magawo 16,384) kenako mpaka 16-bit (magawo 65,536) kumapangitsa kuti pakhale tsankho pang'onopang'ono pakati pa kuwala kowala.
● 12-bit ndi yokwanira kwa mafakitale ambiri ndi zolemba zolemba kumene kuunikira kumayendetsedwa bwino.
● 14-bit imapereka chiyerekezo chabwino cholondola ndi kukula kwa fayilo, yabwino kwa ma labotale ambiri oyenda.
● 16-bit imapambana m'mawonekedwe opepuka, owoneka bwino kwambiri monga ma microscopy a fluorescence kapena imaging ya zakuthambo, komwe kutha kujambula ma siginecha osawoneka bwino osataya zowala ndikofunikira.
Komabe, kumbukirani kuti phokoso la sensor ya kamera ndi mawonekedwe osinthika ayenera kukhala abwino kugwiritsa ntchito masitepe owonjezera a tonal - apo ayi, zopindulitsa sizingachitike.
Kodi kuya kwa biti kumabweretsa zithunzi zabwinoko nthawi zonse?
Osati zokha. Kuzama pang'ono kumatsimikizira kusinthika kwa tonal, koma mawonekedwe enieni azithunzi amadalira zinthu zina, kuphatikiza:
● Sensor sensitivity (quantum performance)
● Phokoso lowerenga
● Ubwino wa Optics
● Kukhazikika kwa kuwala
Mwachitsanzo, kamera yaphokoso kwambiri ya 16-bit CMOS sitha kujambula zambiri kuposa kamera yaphokoso ya 12-bit sCMOS nthawi zina. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuzama kwapamwamba kumakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri kukaphatikizana ndi makina ojambulira bwino.
Kodi ndingatsitse chithunzi chozama kwambiri popanda kutaya deta yofunika?
Inde - m'malo mwake, izi ndizochitika wamba. Kujambula mozama pang'ono kumakupatsani mwayi wosinthira pambuyo pokonza komanso kusanthula kachulukidwe. Mutha kutsitsa mpaka ku 8-bit kuti muwonetse kapena kusungitsa, ndikusunga zotulukapo osasunga deta yonse. Ingoonetsetsani kuti mafayilo oyambirira akuzama kwambiri amasungidwa kwinakwake ngati kukonzanso kungafunike.
Kodi kuya kwa pang'ono kumagwira ntchito yanji pakuyezera kuchuluka kwa sayansi?
Pakuyerekeza kochulukira, kuzama pang'ono kumakhudza mwachindunji momwe ma pixel amayimira kulimba kwazizindikiro zapadziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndizofunikira kwa:
● Microscopy - Kuyeza kusintha kwa fluorescence pamlingo wa ma cell.
● Spectroscopy - Kuzindikira masinthidwe osawoneka bwino pamizere yoyamwa / yotulutsa.
● Zakuthambo - Kujambula magwero a kuwala kosawoneka bwino pakatha nthawi yayitali.
Pazifukwa izi, kuzama kosakwanira kungayambitse zolakwika zozungulira kapena kudula ma siginolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kutanthauzira kolakwika kwa data.
Mukufuna kudziwa zambiri? Yang'anani zolemba zogwirizana:
[Dynamic Range] - Dynamic Range ndi chiyani?
Kuchita Bwino kwa Quantum mu Makamera Asayansi: Buku Loyamba
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Ufulu wonse ndi wotetezedwa. Potchulapo, chonde vomerezani gwero:www.tucsen.com
