25/08/01Sensa ya Electron-Multiplying CCD ndikusintha kwa sensa ya CCD kuti ilole kugwira ntchito kwapang'onopang'ono. Amapangidwira kuti aziwonetsa ma photoelectrons mazana angapo, mpaka pamlingo wowerengera ma photon.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zomwe masensa a EMCCD ali, momwe amagwirira ntchito, ubwino ndi zovuta zawo, komanso chifukwa chake amaganiziridwa kuti ndi chisinthiko chotsatira cha teknoloji ya CCD chifukwa cha kujambula kochepa.
Kodi Sensor ya EMCCD ndi chiyani?
Kachipangizo ka Electron-Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device (EMCCD) ndi mtundu wapadera wa CCD sensor yomwe imakulitsa zizindikiro zofooka zisanawerengedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwambiri m'madera otsika kwambiri.
Poyamba anapangidwira ntchito monga zakuthambo ndi maikulosikopu apamwamba, ma EMCCD amatha kuzindikira mafotoni amodzi, ntchito yomwe masensa amtundu wa CCD amalimbana nawo. Kutha kuzindikira mafotoni pawokha kumapangitsa ma EMCCD kukhala ofunikira pamagawo omwe amafunikira kujambulidwa molondola pansi pamiyezi yotsika kwambiri.
Kodi Masensa a EMCCD Amagwira Ntchito Motani?
Mpaka powerenga, masensa a EMCCD amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi masensa a CCD. Komabe, musanayambe kuyeza ndi ADC, zolipiritsa zopezeka zimachulukitsidwa kudzera mu njira yotchedwa impactionization, mu 'electron kuchulukitsa kaundula'. Kupitilira masitepe mazana angapo, zolipiritsa kuchokera pa pixel zimasunthidwa motsatizana ndi ma pixel obisika pamagetsi apamwamba. Elekitironi iliyonse pa sitepe iliyonse imakhala ndi mwayi wobweretsa ma elekitironi owonjezera. Chizindikirocho chimachulukitsidwa mowonjezereka.
Mapeto a EMCCD yolinganizidwa bwino ndikutha kusankha kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kwapakati, nthawi zambiri kuzungulira 300 mpaka 400 pantchito yopepuka pang'ono. Izi zimathandiza kuti ma siginecha omwe azindikirika achulukitsidwe kwambiri kuposa phokoso lowerengedwa ndi kamera, zomwe zimachepetsa kumveka kwa kamera. Tsoka ilo, chikhalidwe cha stochastic cha kuchulutsaku kumatanthauza kuti pixel iliyonse imachulukitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kosiyana, komwe kumayambitsa phokoso lina, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha EMCCD cha signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Pano pali kuphwanya momwe masensa a EMCCD amagwirira ntchito. Mpaka Gawo 6, ndondomekoyi ndi yofanana ndi ya CCD masensa.
Chithunzi: Njira yowerengera ya sensa ya EMCCD
Pamapeto pa kuwonekera kwawo, masensa a EMCCD amayamba kusuntha mwachangu zolipiritsa zosonkhanitsidwa kupita kumagulu obisika a ma pixel omwe ali ndi miyeso yofanana ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino (kutengera mawonekedwe). Kenako, mzere umodzi pa nthawi, zolipiritsa zimasunthidwa mu kaundula wowerengera. Ndime imodzi panthawi, zolipiritsa zomwe zili mkati mwa kaundula wowerengera zimaperekedwa ku register yochulutsa. Pa gawo lililonse la zolembera izi (mpaka masitepe 1000 mu makamera enieni a EMCCD), electron iliyonse ili ndi mwayi wochepa wotulutsa electron yowonjezera, kuchulukitsa chizindikirocho mokulirapo. Pamapeto pake, chizindikiro chochulukitsa chimawerengedwa.
1. Kuchotsa Malipiro: Kuti muyambe kupeza, ndalamazo zimachotsedwa nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku sensa yonse (yotseka padziko lonse lapansi).
2. Kuchuluka kwa Malipiro: Kuchulukira kumachulukana panthawi yowonekera.
3. Kusungirako Malipiro: Pambuyo powonekera, zolipiritsa zosonkhanitsidwa zimasunthidwa kudera lobisika la sensa, komwe amatha kuyembekezera kuwerengedwa popanda mafotoni atsopano omwe apezeka kuti mafotoni akuwerengedwa. Iyi ndi ndondomeko ya 'Frame Transfer'.
4. Next Frame Exposure: Ndi ndalama zomwe zapezeka zomwe zasungidwa mu ma pixel obisika, ma pixel omwe akugwira ntchito amatha kuyambitsa kuwonekera kwa chimango chotsatira (njira yophatikizika).
5. Njira Yowerengera: Mzere umodzi umodzi, zolipiritsa pamzere uliwonse wa chimango chomalizidwa zimasunthidwa kukhala 'register yowerengera'.
6. Mzere umodzi panthawi, zolipiritsa kuchokera pa pixel iliyonse zimalowetsedwa mu nodi yowerengera.
7. Kuchulukitsa kwa Electron: Kenako, ma elekitironi onse omwe amalipira kuchokera pa pixel amalowa m'kaundula wa ma elekitironi ochulutsa, ndikuyenda pang'onopang'ono, ndikuchulukirachulukira pa sitepe iliyonse.
8. Werengani: Chizindikiro chochulukitsa chikuwerengedwa ndi ADC, ndipo ndondomekoyi imabwerezedwa mpaka chimango chonsecho chikuwerengedwa.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa EMCCD Sensors
Ubwino wa EMCCD Sensors
| Ubwino | Kufotokozera |
| Kuwerengera kwa Photon | Imazindikira ma elekitironi amtundu uliwonse wokhala ndi phokoso lochepera kwambiri (<0.2e⁻), lopangitsa kuti chithunzithunzi chikhale chomveka. |
| Kumverera kwa Ultra-Low-Light | Zabwino kwambiri kuposa ma CCD achikhalidwe, nthawi zina amaposa makamera apamwamba a sCMOS okhala ndi kuwala kochepa kwambiri. |
| Low Mdima Wamakono | Kuziziritsa kwambiri kumachepetsa phokoso la kutentha, kumapangitsa zithunzi zotsuka nthawi yayitali. |
| 'Half-Global' Shutter | Kusintha kwa chimango kumalola kuwonekera padziko lonse lapansi ndikusintha mwachangu kwambiri (~ 1 microsecond). |
● Kuwerengera Mafotoni: Ndi kuchuluka kokwanira kwa ma elekitironi, phokoso lowerengera limatha kuthetsedwa (<0.2e-). Izi, pambali pa kupindula kwakukulu komanso kuyandikira kwangwiro kwachulukidwe, zikutanthauza kuti kusiyanitsa ma photoelectrons payekha ndikotheka.
● Kumva Kuwala Kwambiri Kwambiri: Poyerekeza ndi ma CCD, kuwala kochepa kwa EMCCDs kuli bwino kwambiri. Pakhoza kukhala ntchito zina zomwe EMCCD imapereka kuthekera kozindikira bwino komanso kusiyanitsa kuposa ma sCMOS apamwamba pamilingo yotsika kwambiri yotheka.
● Mdima Wochepa: Mofanana ndi ma CCD, ma EMCCD amakhala atakhazikika kwambiri ndipo amatha kupereka zinthu zotsika kwambiri zakuda.
● Chotsekera cha 'Half Global': Njira yosinthira chimango kuti muyambe ndi kutsiriza kuwonekera sizowona nthawi imodzi, koma imatenga dongosolo la 1 microsecond.
Zoyipa za EMCCD Sensors
| Kuipa | Kufotokozera |
| Liwiro Lochepa | Miyezo yayikulu (~ 30 fps pa 1 MP) imachedwa kwambiri kuposa njira zamakono za CMOS. |
| Phokoso la Amplification | Kuchulukitsa kwa ma elekitironi mwachisawawa kumabweretsa phokoso lochulukirapo, kuchepetsa SNR. |
| Charge-Induced Charge (CIC) | Kusuntha kwachangu kumatha kuyambitsa zizindikiro zabodza zomwe zimakulitsidwa. |
| Kuchepetsa Mphamvu Zosiyanasiyana | Kupindula kwakukulu kumachepetsa chizindikiro chachikulu chomwe sensor imatha kugwira isanakhudze. |
| Kukula kwakukulu kwa Pixel | Kukula kwa ma pixel wamba (13–16 μm) mwina sikungagwirizane ndi zofunikira zambiri zamawonekedwe. |
| Chofunikira Chozizira Kwambiri | Kuzizirira kozama kokhazikika kumafunika kuti mukwaniritse kuchulutsa kosasinthasintha komanso phokoso lochepa. |
| Zofunikira za Calibration | Kuwonjezeka kwa EM kumawonongeka pakapita nthawi (kuchulukana kwawola), kumafuna kusanja pafupipafupi. |
| Kusakhazikika Kwachidule | Kuwonetsa mwachidule kwambiri kungayambitse kukulitsa ma siginecha osayembekezereka komanso phokoso. |
| Mtengo Wokwera | Kupanga zovuta komanso kuzizira kwambiri kumapangitsa masensa awa kukhala okwera mtengo kuposa sCMOS. |
| Moyo Wochepa | Kaundula wochulutsa ma electron amatha, nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 5-10. |
| Kutumiza Zovuta | Kutengera malamulo okhwima chifukwa cha zomwe zingachitike pankhondo. |
● Kuthamanga Kwambiri: Ma EMCCD othamanga amapereka mozungulira 30 mafps pa 1 MP, ofanana ndi CCDs, madongosolo akukula pang'onopang'ono kuposa makamera a CMOS.
● Mawu Oyamba a Phokoso: 'Kuchuluka kwaphokoso' komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi mwachisawawa, poyerekeza ndi kamera ya sCMOS yaphokoso yocheperako yomwe imagwira bwino ntchito, imatha kupatsa ma EMCCD maphokoso apamwamba kwambiri kutengera ma siginecha. SNR ya ma sCMOS apamwamba nthawi zambiri imakhala yabwinoko pamasigino a 3e-, makamaka ma siginecha apamwamba.
● Charge-Induced Charge (CIC): Pokhapokha atayendetsedwa mosamala, kuyenda kwa ma charger pa sensa kumatha kuyambitsa ma electron owonjezera kukhala ma pixel. Phokosoli limachulukitsidwa ndi kaundula wa ma elekitironi wochulutsa. Kuthamanga kwamphamvu kwamphamvu (mawotchi) kumabweretsa mitengo yokwera, koma CIC yochulukirapo.
● Kuchepetsa Mphamvu Zosiyanasiyana: Kuchulukitsa kwa ma elekitironi okwera kwambiri komwe kumafunikira kuti mugonjetse phokoso la kuwerenga kwa EMCCD kumabweretsa kutsika kosinthika.
● Kukula kwa Pixel Yaikulu: Kukula kochepa kwambiri kwa pixel wamakamera a EMCCD ndi 10 μm, koma 13 kapena 16 μm ndiyofala kwambiri. Ichi ndi chokulirapo kwambiri kuti chifanane ndi zofunikira pakuwongolera makina ambiri.
● Zofunikira pa Kuwongolera: Njira yochulutsa ma elekitironi imawononga kaundula wa EM ndikugwiritsa ntchito, kumachepetsa kuthekera kwake kuchulutsa munjira yotchedwa 'electron multiplication decay'. Izi zikutanthauza kuti phindu la kamera likusintha mosalekeza, ndipo kamera imafuna kusanja pafupipafupi kuti ipange kujambula kulikonse.
● Kuwonekera Mosagwirizana Pakanthawi kochepa: Mukamagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zazifupi kwambiri, makamera a EMCCD amatha kutulutsa zotsatira zosagwirizana chifukwa chizindikiro chofooka chimachulukitsidwa ndi phokoso, ndipo njira yokulitsa imayambitsa kusinthasintha kwa ziwerengero.
● Kuziziritsa Kwambiri Kwambiri: Njira yochulukitsa ma elekitironi imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kutentha. Kuziziritsa sensa kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi komwe kulipo. Chifukwa chake kuziziritsa kwa sensor yakuya ndikusunga kutentha kumakhala kofunikira pamiyezo yobwerezeka ya EMCCD.
● Kukwera mtengo: Kuvuta kwa kupanga masensa amitundu yambiri, kuphatikiza kuzizira kwambiri, kumabweretsa mitengo yomwe imakhala yokwera kwambiri kuposa makamera apamwamba kwambiri a sCMOS.
● Moyo Wochepa: Kuwola kwa ma elekitironi kumayika malire pa moyo wa masensa okwera mtengo awa nthawi zambiri zaka 5-10, kutengera kuchuluka kwa ntchito.
● Mavuto Otumiza kunja: Kutumiza ndi kutumiza kunja kwa masensa a EMCCD kumakhala kovuta kwambiri chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ntchito zankhondo.
Chifukwa chiyani EMCCD Ndilo Mlowam'malo wa CCD
| Mbali | CCD | Chithunzi cha EMCCD |
| Kumverera | Wapamwamba | Kuwala kwambiri (makamaka kuwala kochepa) |
| Readout Noise | Wapakati | Zotsika kwambiri (chifukwa chopeza) |
| Dynamic Range | Wapamwamba | Zochepa (zochepa ndi phindu) |
| Mtengo | Pansi | Zapamwamba |
| Kuziziritsa | Zosankha | Nthawi zambiri zimafunika kuti zitheke bwino |
| Gwiritsani Ntchito Milandu | Kujambula kwachidule | Kuwala kotsika, kudziwika kwa chithunzi chimodzi |
Masensa a EMCCD amamanga paukadaulo wamtundu wa CCD pophatikiza gawo lochulutsa ma elekitironi. Izi zimakulitsa luso lokulitsa ma siginecha ofooka ndikuchepetsa phokoso, kupanga ma EMCCDs kukhala chisankho chokondedwa pazithunzi zotsika kwambiri pomwe masensa a CCD amalephera.
Ntchito zazikulu za masensa a EMCCD
Masensa a EMCCD amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo asayansi ndi mafakitale omwe amafunikira chidwi chachikulu komanso kuthekera kozindikira zizindikiro zofowoka:
● Life Science Imaging: Ntchito ngati single-molecule fluorescence microscopy ndi okwana internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy.
● Sayansi ya zakuthambo: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pojambula kuwala kofooka kuchokera ku nyenyezi zakutali, milalang'amba, ndi kafukufuku wa exoplanet.
● Quantum Optics: Zoyeserera za Photon ndi quantum information entanglement.
● Asayansi ndi Chitetezo: Ogwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anitsitsa pang'ono ndi kufufuza umboni.
● Spectroscopy: Mu Raman spectroscopy ndi low-intensity fluorescence kuzindikira.
Kodi Muyenera Kusankha Liti Sensor ya EMCCD?
Ndikusintha kwa masensa a CMOS m'zaka zaposachedwa, mwayi wowerengera phokoso wa masensa a EMCCD wachepa chifukwa makamera a sCMOS amatha kuwerenga phokoso la subelectron, limodzi ndi maubwino ena ambiri. Ngati pulogalamu idagwiritsapo kale ma EMCCDs, ndikofunikira kuwunikanso ngati ili ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri chomwe chimachitika mu sCMOS.
M'mbuyomu, ma EMCCD amatha kuchitabe kuwerengera kwa photon bwino, pambali pa mapulogalamu ena ochepa omwe ali ndi ma siginecha osakwana 3-5e- pa pixel pachimake. Ngakhale, ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa pixel ndi phokoso laling'ono la ma electron likupezekamakamera asayansikutengera ukadaulo wa sCMOS, ndizotheka kuti mapulogalamuwa nawonso atha kuchitidwa posachedwa ndi sCMOS yapamwamba.
FAQs
Kodi Nthawi Yocheperako Yowonekera Pamakamera Osamutsa Frame Ndi Chiyani?
Kwa masensa onse osinthira chimango, kuphatikiza ma EMCCDs, funso la nthawi yocheperako ndizovuta. Pakupeza chithunzi chimodzi, chiwonetserochi chingathe kuthetsedwa mwa kusakaniza zolipiritsa zomwe mwapeza m'dera lobisika kuti liwerengedwe mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zazifupi (sub-microsecond) zimatheka.
Komabe, kamera ikangothamanga kwambiri, ie kupeza mafelemu angapo / kanema pamlingo wathunthu, chithunzi choyamba chikangomaliza kuwonetsa, dera lobisika limakhala ndi chimangocho mpaka kuwerenga kumalizidwa. Choncho kukhudzana sangathe. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, mosasamala kanthu za nthawi yowonekera yomwe yapemphedwa mu mapulogalamu, nthawi yeniyeni yowonekera ya mafelemu otsatira pambuyo pa kupeza kwamitundu yambiri kwachangu kumaperekedwa ndi nthawi ya chimango, mwachitsanzo, 1 / Frame Rate, ya kamera.
Kodi sCMOS Technology Ikusintha Masensa a EMCCD?
Makamera a EMCCD anali ndi mawonekedwe awiri omwe adathandizira kuti asunge mwayi wawo pamawonekedwe opepuka kwambiri (okhala ndi ma siginoloji apamwamba kwambiri a ma photoelectron 5 kapena kuchepera). Choyamba, ma pixel awo akulu, mpaka 16 μm, ndipo kachiwiri <1e- kuwerenga phokoso.
Mbadwo watsopano wasCMOS kamerazatuluka zomwe zimapereka mawonekedwe omwewa, popanda zovuta zambiri za EMCCDs, makamaka phokoso lowonjezera. Makamera monga Aries 16 ochokera ku Tucsen amapereka 16 μm kumbuyo-wounikira ma pixel okhala ndi phokoso lowerengedwa la 0.8e-. Ndi phokoso lochepa komanso ma pixel akulu akulu, makamerawa amapambananso makamera ambiri a sCMOS okhala ndi ma binning, chifukwa cha ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa kubisa ndi kuwerenga phokoso.
Ngati mukufuna kudziwa zambiri za EMCCD, chonde dinani:
Kodi EMCCD Ingasinthidwe M'malo Ndipo Tidzafuna?
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Ufulu wonse ndi wotetezedwa. Potchulapo, chonde vomerezani gwero:www.tucsen.com
