25/08/19Zikafika pojambula zithunzi zolondola komanso zodalirika pakufufuza kwasayansi, kuchuluka kwa data yanu kumadalira zambiri kuposa kungosintha kapena kukula kwa sensa. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri, koma nthawi zina chimanyalanyazidwa, ndi Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). M'makina ojambulira, SNR imazindikira momwe mungasiyanitsire chizindikiro chenicheni (chidziwitso chofunikira) ndi phokoso losafunikira.
Muzojambula zasayansi monga microscopy, zakuthambo, ndi spectroscopy, SNR yosauka ingatanthauze kusiyana pakati pa kuzindikira chandamale chofowoka ndikuchiphonyeratu. Nkhaniyi ikuwunikira momwe SNR imafotokozedwera, chifukwa chake ili yofunika, momwe imakhudzira kusiyana, komanso momwe mungasankhire ndikuwongolera kamera yasayansi potengera ma metric ovuta awa.
Kodi Signal-to-Noise Ratio Ndi Chiyani Ndipo Imatanthauzidwa Motani?
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ndiye muyeso wofunikira kwambiri wa chithunzi chathu, chofunikira kwambiri pakusiyanitsa ndi zithunzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndichofunikira kwambiri chodziwira ngati kamera ndi tcheru mokwanira kuti mugwiritse ntchito.
Kuyesa kukonza kukhudzika kwa kamera kumazungulira zonse ziwiri kuwongolera siginecha yosonkhanitsidwa:
● Kupyolera mu kukonza kwa kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa pixel
● Kuchepetsa magwero a phokoso omwe amadalira kamera
Magwero aphokoso amaphatikizana, koma kutengera momwe munthu angalamulire, ndipo akuyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri poyesa kukonza SNR - mwina kudzera pakukhathamiritsa kapena kuyika, kapena kupititsa patsogolo kuyatsa kwabwinoko, zowonera, ndi makamera.
Ndichidule chachidule chodziwika bwino kufotokoza zithunzi molingana ndi chiyerekezo cha chizindikiro-kuphokoso, mwachitsanzo kunena kuti chithunzi chili ndi SNR ya '15'. Komabe, monga zikuwonekera kuchokera ku dzinali, chiŵerengero cha chizindikiro-ku-phokoso chimadalira chizindikiro, chomwe chidzakhala chosiyana pa pixel iliyonse. Izi ndi zomwe zimatipatsa chithunzithunzi chathu.
SNR yachithunzi nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza SNR ya chizindikiro chapamwamba cha chidwi mkati mwa chithunzicho. Mwachitsanzo, SNR yochokera pachithunzi cha ma cell a fulorosenti kumbuyo kwa mdima ingagwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya siginecha yapamwamba kuchokera ku mapikseli amtundu wa chidwi mkati mwa selo.
Sizoyimira kutenga, mwachitsanzo, mtengo wamtengo wapatali wa SNR wa chithunzi chonse. M'njira monga microscope ya fluorescence pomwe maziko akuda okhala ndi zithunzi zodziwika zero amatha kukhala wamba, ma pixel a siginecha a zero ali ndi SNR ya ziro. Chifukwa chake, avareji iliyonse pachithunzi chilichonse ingadalire kuchuluka kwa ma pixel akumbuyo omwe amawonekera.
Chifukwa chiyani SNR Imafunikira Makamera a Sayansi
Pazojambula zasayansi, SNR imakhudza mwachindunji momwe mungadziwire zambiri, kuyeza kuchuluka kwa data, ndikutulutsanso zotsatira.
●Zithunzi Kumveka- SNR yapamwamba imachepetsa kumera ndikupanga zowoneka bwino.
●Kulondola kwa Deta- Imachepetsa zolakwa za muyeso muzoyesera zozikidwa mwamphamvu.
●Low-Kuwala Magwiridwe- Zofunikira pa microscopy ya fluorescence, kuzama kwa nyenyezi zakuthambo, ndi zojambulajambula, pomwe mawerengero a photon amakhala otsika mwachilengedwe.
Kaya mukugwiritsa ntchito asCMOS kamerapazithunzi zothamanga kwambiri kapena CCD woziziritsa pakugwiritsa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali, kumvetsetsa SNR kumakuthandizani kuti muzitha kusinthanitsa magwiridwe antchito.
Momwe SNR Imakhudzira Kusiyanitsa Kwazithunzi
Kusiyanitsa ndiko kusiyana kwamphamvu pakati pa malo owala ndi madera amdima a chithunzi. Kwa mapulogalamu ambiri, kusiyanitsa kwazithunzi kwabwino m'malo osangalatsa ndiye cholinga chomaliza.
Pali zinthu zambiri mkati mwa phunziro la kujambula, optical system ndi zojambula zojambula zomwe ndizo zikuluzikulu zomwe zimatsimikizira kusiyana kwa zithunzi, monga khalidwe la lens ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwakumbuyo.
●Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SNR→ Kulekanitsa kosiyana pakati pa madera owala ndi amdima; masamba amawoneka okongola; zobisika zikuwonekerabe.
●Mtengo wapatali wa magawo SNR→ Madera amdima amawala chifukwa cha phokoso, malo owala amachepera, ndipo kusiyanitsa kwazithunzi kumachepa.
Mwachitsanzo, mu microscopy ya fluorescence, SNR yotsika imatha kupanga zitsanzo zofooka za fulorosenti kuti zisakanizike kumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kusanthula kwachulukidwe kukhala kosadalirika. Mu sayansi ya zakuthambo, nyenyezi zosaoneka bwino kapena milalang'amba zimatha kutha kwathunthu mu data yaphokoso.
Komabe, palinso zinthu zomwe zili mkati mwa kamera yokha - chinthu chachikulu chomwe ndi Signal to Noise Ratio. Kupitilira apo, makamaka pakuwala kocheperako, kukulitsa kukula kwa chithunzi, momwe chithunzicho chimawonekera pa chowunikira, chimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu pakusiyanitsa kwachithunzithunzi. Ndi phokoso lalikulu m'madera amdima a chithunzicho, ma aligorivimu a auto image scaling amatha kukhala otsika kwambiri ndi ma pixel aphokoso amtengo wotsika, pomwe malire apamwamba amawonjezedwa ndi phokoso la ma pixel apamwamba. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a imvi 'otsukidwa' azithunzi za SNR zotsika. Kusiyanitsa kwabwinoko kungapezeke pokhazikitsa chocheperako ku kamera yotsitsa.
Zinthu Zomwe Zimakhudza SNR mu Makamera a Sayansi
Mapangidwe angapo ndi magwiridwe antchito amakhudza SNR yamakamera:
Sensor Technology
● sCMOS - Zimaphatikiza phokoso lochepa lowerengera ndi mafelemu apamwamba, abwino kwa kujambula kwamphamvu.
● CCD - M'mbiri yakale imapereka phokoso lochepa powonekera kwautali, koma pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi mapangidwe amakono a CMOS.
● EMCCD - Imagwiritsa ntchito kukulitsa kwa chip kukweza ma siginecha ofooka, koma imatha kuyambitsa phokoso lochulukirachulukira.
Kukula kwa Pixel ndi Fill Factor
Ma pixel okulirapo amasonkhanitsa ma photon ochulukirapo, kukulitsa chizindikiro ndipo motero SNR.
Kuchita bwino kwa Quantum (QE)
QE yapamwamba imatanthawuza kuti zithunzi zambiri zomwe zikubwera zimasinthidwa kukhala ma elekitironi, kukonza SNR.
Nthawi ya kukhudzika
Kuwonetsa kwautali kumasonkhanitsa ma photon ambiri, kuonjezera chizindikiro, koma kungapangitsenso phokoso lakuda.
Njira Zozizira
Kuziziritsa kumachepetsa mdima wakuda, kuwongolera kwambiri SNR kwa nthawi yayitali.
Optics ndi Kuwala
Magalasi apamwamba kwambiri komanso kuwunikira kokhazikika kumakulitsa kujambulidwa kwa ma sign ndikuchepetsa kusinthasintha.
Zitsanzo za Makhalidwe Osiyanasiyana a Peak SNR
Pakujambula, PSNR nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwamalingaliro koyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa pixel. Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa nkhani zojambula zithunzi, mikhalidwe yojambula ndi luso la kamera, kwa makamera ochiritsira asayansi, zithunzi zokhala ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha chizindikiro ndi phokoso zingakhale zofanana. Mlingo wa 'graininess', kusinthika kuchokera ku chimango kupita ku furemu, komanso kutengera kwina kulikonse, zitha kukhala zofanana pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyanayi. Choncho, n'zotheka kumvetsetsa makhalidwe a SNR ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ndi zovuta zomwe akutanthauza kuchokera kuzithunzi zoyimira, monga zomwe zikuwonetsedwa patebulo.
ZINDIKIRANI: Zizindikiro zapamwamba kwambiri za ma photoelectrons pamzere uliwonse zimaperekedwa mubuluu. Zithunzi zonse zowonetsedwa ndi auto histogram makulitsidwe, kunyalanyaza (kukhutitsa)0.35% ya ma pixel owala kwambiri ndi akuda kwambiri. Mizati yazithunzi ziwiri kumanzere: Kujambula motengera magalasi a chandamale yoyesera kujambula. Mizati inayi yakumanja: Ascaris yojambulidwa mu fluorescence ndi cholinga cha 10x maikulosikopu. Kuti muwonetse kusiyanasiyana kwa mafelemu amtundu wa ma pixel pamunsi pa SNR, mafelemu atatu otsatizana amaperekedwa.
Chithunzi chozikidwa ndi mandala cha cholinga choyesera, pamodzi ndi chithunzi cha microscopy cha fluorescence zonse zikuwonetsedwa, pamodzi ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a chithunzi cha fulorosenti chosonyeza kusiyanasiyana mkati mwa mafelemu atatu otsatizana. Kuwerengera kwapamwamba kwa ma electron pamlingo uliwonse wa siginecha kumaperekedwanso.
Chithunzi chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa mitundu yonse yazithunzi zachitsanzozi.
Zithunzi zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito patebulo la zitsanzo za ma signal-to-noise
Kumanzere: Chojambula chojambula chojambulidwa ndi lens.
Kulondola: Chitsanzo cha gawo la nyongolotsi ya Ascaris nematode yowonedwa ndi ma microscopy a fluorescence pakukula kwa 10x.
SNR mu Mapulogalamu
SNR ndiyofunikira kwambiri pamagawo osiyanasiyana:
● Microscopy - Kuzindikira fluorescence yocheperako mu zitsanzo zachilengedwe kumafuna SNR yapamwamba kuti mupewe zolakwika zabodza.
● Zakuthambo - Kuzindikira milalang'amba yakutali kapena ma exoplanets amafunikira nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi phokoso lochepa.
● Spectroscopy - High SNR imatsimikizira miyeso yolondola ya nsonga yapamwamba pakuwunika mankhwala.
● Kuwunika kwa Industrial - Pamizere yolumikizira yocheperako, SNR yapamwamba imathandiza kuzindikira zolakwika modalirika.
Kusankha Kamera Yasayansi yokhala ndi SNR Yoyenera
Mukawunika kamera yatsopano yasayansi:
●Onani Zosintha za SNR- Fananizani milingo ya dB pansi pamikhalidwe yofanana ndi pulogalamu yanu.
●Yesani Ma Metrics Ena- Ganizirani kuchuluka kwachulukidwe, kuchuluka kwamphamvu, komanso kuchuluka kwa chimango.
●Fananizani Zaukadaulo Kuti Mugwiritse Ntchito Mlandu- Pazithunzi zothamanga kwambiri, kamera ya sCMOS ikhoza kukhala yabwino; kwa maphunziro osasunthika kwambiri, CCD kapena EMCCD yoziziritsidwa ikhoza kuchita bwino.
●Kulumikizana kwa Ntchito Yogwira Ntchito- Ngakhale kuti sizikhudza SNR mwachindunji, zinthu monga HDMI zotulutsa zimatha kuwunikiranso zithunzi zenizeni, kukuthandizani kutsimikizira mwachangu kuti zokonda zanu zopeza zimakwaniritsa SNR yomwe mukufuna.
Mapeto
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) ndi njira yofunikira kwambiri yomwe imakhudza mwachindunji kumveka bwino komanso kudalirika kwa zithunzi zasayansi. Kumvetsetsa momwe SNR imafotokozedwera, zinthu zomwe zimakhudza, ndi zotsatira za makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a SNR zimathandiza ofufuza ndi ogwiritsa ntchito luso kuti awunike machitidwe owonetsera bwino. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitsochi—kaya posankha chatsopanokamera ya sayansikapena kukhathamiritsa kukhazikitsidwa komwe kulipo - mutha kuwonetsetsa kuti mayendedwe anu ojambulira amajambula deta ndi mulingo wolondola wofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito kwanuko.
FAQs
Ndi chiyani chomwe chimatengedwa kuti ndi "chabwino" SNR pamakamera asayansi?
SNR yabwino imatengera kugwiritsa ntchito. Pantchito yovuta kwambiri, yochulukirachulukira-monga microscope ya fluorescence kapena zakuthambo-SNR yopitilira 40 dB ndiyomwe imalimbikitsa, chifukwa imapanga zithunzi zopanda phokoso lowoneka bwino ndikusunga zambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito ma labotale kapena kuyang'anira mafakitale, 35-40 dB ikhoza kukhala yokwanira. Chilichonse chomwe chili pansi pa 30 dB chimawonetsa njere zowoneka bwino ndipo zimatha kusokoneza kulondola, makamaka mumikhalidwe yotsika.
Kodi kuchuluka kwa quantum (QE) kumakhudza bwanji SNR?
Kuchita bwino kwa Quantum kumayesa momwe sensor imasinthira bwino ma photon omwe akubwera kukhala ma electron. QE yapamwamba imatanthawuza kuti kuwala kochuluka komwe kulipo kumajambulidwa ngati chizindikiro, kulimbikitsa manambala mu SNR equation. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka pazowunikira pang'ono, pomwe chithunzi chilichonse chimawerengedwa. Mwachitsanzo, kamera ya sCMOS yokhala ndi QE ya 80% ipeza SNR yapamwamba pansi pamikhalidwe yofananira poyerekeza ndi sensa yokhala ndi 50% QE, kungoti imagwira chizindikiro chogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa SNR ndi Contrast-to-Noise Ratio (CNR)?
Ngakhale SNR imayesa mphamvu ya siginecha yonse poyerekeza ndi phokoso, CNR imayang'ana kwambiri mawonekedwe a chinthu china chakumbuyo kwake. M'malingaliro asayansi, onse ndi ofunikira: SNR imakuwuzani momwe chithunzicho chilili "choyera", pomwe CNR imazindikira ngati chinthu china chochititsa chidwi ndichowoneka bwino kuti chizindikirike kapena kuyeza.
Mukufuna kudziwa zambiri? Yang'anani zolemba zogwirizana:
Kuchita Bwino kwa Quantum mu Makamera Asayansi: Buku Loyamba
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Ufulu wonse ndi wotetezedwa. Potchulapo, chonde vomerezani gwero:www.tucsen.com
