25/08/05Kuchokera ku mafoni a m'manja kupita ku zida zasayansi, zowunikira zithunzi zili pamtima paukadaulo wamakono wamakono. Mwa izi, masensa a CMOS akhala amphamvu kwambiri, kupatsa mphamvu chilichonse kuyambira pazithunzi zatsiku ndi tsiku mpaka kuyang'ana kwa ma microscope ndi semiconductor.
Ukadaulo wa 'Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor' (CMOS) ndiukadaulo wamapangidwe amagetsi komanso umisiri wamaukadaulo opangira zinthu zomwe ntchito zake ndizambiri modabwitsa. Zowonadi, ukadaulo wa CMOS ukhoza kunenedwa kuti umathandizira m'badwo wamakono wa digito.
Kodi CMOS Sensor Ndi Chiyani?
Masensa azithunzi a CMOS (CIS) amagwiritsa ntchito ma pixel omwe amagwira ntchito, kutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito ma transistors atatu kapena kupitilira apo mu pixel iliyonse ya kamera. Ma pixel a CCD ndi EMCCD alibe ma transistors.
Ma transistors mu pixel iliyonse amathandizira ma pixel "ogwira" awa kuti aziwongoleredwa, ma siginecha amakulitsidwa kudzera mu transistors ya 'field effect', ndikupeza deta yawo, zonse zofanana. M'malo mwa njira imodzi yowerengera sensor yonse kapena gawo lalikulu la sensa, aKamera ya CMOSimaphatikizaponso mzere umodzi wathunthu wa ma ADC owerengera, ADC imodzi (kapena kuposerapo) pagawo lililonse la sensa. Iliyonse ya izi imatha kuwerenga mtengo wagawo lawo nthawi imodzi. Kupitilira apo, masensa a 'pixel' awa amagwirizana ndi malingaliro a digito a CMOS, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito a sensor.
Pamodzi, mikhalidwe iyi imapatsa masensa a CMOS kuthamanga kwawo. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa kufanana kumeneku, ma ADC pawokha amatha kutenga nthawi yayitali kuti ayeze zizindikiro zawo zomwe zapezedwa molondola kwambiri. Nthawi zosinthika zazitalizi zimalola kuti phokoso likhale lotsika kwambiri, ngakhale ma pixel apamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, ndi zina zatsopano, phokoso lowerengedwa la masensa a CMOS limakhala locheperapo 5x - 10x kuposa la CCDs.
Makamera amakono asayansi a CMOS (sCMOS) ndi gulu lapadera la CMOS lopangidwira phokoso lotsika komanso kuyerekezera kothamanga kwambiri pakufufuza.
Kodi CMOS Sensors Imagwira Ntchito Motani? (Kuphatikiza Rolling vs Global Shutter)
Kugwira ntchito kwa sensa yamtundu wa CMOS kukuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi ndikufotokozedwa pansipa. Dziwani kuti chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito omwe ali pansipa, nthawi ndi magwiridwe antchito azidasiyana makamera a CMOS apadziko lonse lapansi ndi otsekera.
Chithunzi: Njira yowerengera ya sensa ya CMOS
ZINDIKIRANI: Njira yowerengera makamera a CMOS imasiyana pakati pa makamera a 'rolling shutter' ndi 'global shutter', monga momwe tafotokozera m'mawu. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, pixel iliyonse imakhala ndi capacitor ndi amplifier yomwe imatulutsa magetsi kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma photoelectron. Pa mzere uliwonse, ma voliyumu pagawo lililonse amayezedwa nthawi imodzi ndi ma analogue mpaka zosinthira digito.
Shutter ya Rolling
1. Pa sensa yotsekera ya CMOS, kuyambira pamzere wapamwamba (kapena pakati pa makamera a splitsensor), chotsani mtengowo kuchokera pamzerewu kuti muyambitse kuwonekera kwa mzerewo.
2. Pambuyo pa 'nthawi ya mzere' (nthawi zambiri 5-20 μs), pitani ku mzere wotsatira ndikubwereza kuchokera pa sitepe 1, mpaka sensa yonse ikuwonekera.
3. Pamzere uliwonse, ma charger amawunjikana panthawi ya kuwonekera, mpaka mzerewo utatha nthawi yake yowonekera. Mzere woyamba woti uyambe udzatha poyamba.
4. Kuwonekera kukatha pamzere umodzi, tumizani ndalamazo ku capacitor yowerengera ndi amplifier.
5. Mphamvu yamagetsi mu amplifier iliyonse mumzerewu imalumikizidwa ndi gawo la ADC, ndipo chizindikirocho chimayesedwa pa pixel iliyonse pamzerewu.
6. Kuwerenga ndi kukonzanso ntchito kudzatenga 'nthawi ya mzere' kuti ithe, pambuyo pake mzere wotsatira kuti muyambe kuwonekera udzakhala utafika kumapeto kwa nthawi yake yowonekera, ndipo ndondomekoyi ikubwerezedwa kuchokera ku sitepe 4.
7. Kuwerenga kutangotha pamzere wapamwamba, kupereka mzere wapansi wayamba kuwonetsa mawonekedwe amakono, mzere wapamwamba ukhoza kuyambitsa kuwonekera kwa chimango chotsatira (njira yophatikizira). Ngati nthawi yowonekera ndi yayifupi kuposa nthawi ya chimango, mzere wapamwamba uyenera kudikirira kuti mzere wapansi uyambe kuwonekera. Kuwonekera kwakufupi kothekera kumakhala nthawi ya mzere umodzi.
Kamera ya Tucsen ya FL 26BW Yozizira ya CMOS, yokhala ndi sensor ya Sony IMX533, imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa shutter.
Global Shutter
1. Kuti muyambe kupeza, ndalama zimachotsedwa nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku sensa yonse (kukonzanso padziko lonse lapansi kwa pixel bwino).
2. Charge amaunjikana pa kukhudzana.
3. Pamapeto pa kuwonekera, ndalama zosonkhanitsidwa zimasunthidwa ku chitsime chophimbidwa mkati mwa pixel iliyonse, momwe zimadikirira kuwerengedwa popanda kuwerengedwa kwatsopano. Makamera ena amasuntha ma charger mu pixel capacitor pakadali pano.
4. Ndi milandu yodziwika yomwe imasungidwa pamalo obisika a pixel iliyonse, gawo logwira ntchito la pixel likhoza kuyambitsa kuwonekera kwa chimango chotsatira (njira yophatikizika).
5. Njira yowerengera kuchokera ku malo obisika amapita ngati kugubuduza ma sensor shutter: Mzere umodzi panthawi, kuchokera pamwamba pa sensa, zolipiritsa zimasamutsidwa kuchokera pachitsime chobisika kupita ku capacitor yowerengera ndi amplifier.
6. Mphamvu yamagetsi mu amplifier iliyonse mumzerewu imalumikizidwa ndi gawo la ADC, ndipo chizindikirocho chimayesedwa pa pixel iliyonse pamzerewu.
7. Kuwerenga ndi kukonzanso ntchito kudzatenga 'nthawi ya mzere' kuti ithe, pamenepo ndondomekoyi idzabwerezedwa pamzere wotsatira kuchokera pa sitepe 5.
8. Mizere yonse ikawerengedwa, kamera ndi yokonzeka kuwerenga chimango chotsatira, ndipo ndondomekoyi ikhoza kubwerezedwa kuchokera ku sitepe 2, kapena 3 ngati nthawi yowonetsera yatha kale.
Tucsen's Libra 3412M Mono sCMOS Kameraimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa shutter wapadziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azijambula momveka bwino komanso mwachangu zitsanzo zosuntha.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa CMOS Sensors
Ubwino
● Kuthamanga kwambiri: Masensa a CMOS nthawi zambiri amakhala 1 mpaka 2 kukula mwachangu pakutulutsa kwa data kuposa masensa a CCD kapena EMCCD.
● masensa akuluakulu: Kutulutsa kwachangu kwa data kumathandizira ma pixel apamwamba komanso magawo owoneka bwino, mpaka ma megapixel makumi kapena mazana.
● Phokoso lochepa: Masensa ena a CMOS amatha kuwerenga phokoso lotsika mpaka 0.25e-, kupikisana ndi ma EMCCD osafunikira kuchulutsa ndalama komwe kumawonjezera magwero a phokoso.
● Kusinthasintha kwa kukula kwa pixel: Makamera a ogula ndi a foni yamakono amayendetsa kukula kwa pixel mpaka ~ 1 μm, ndipo makamera asayansi mpaka 11 μm mu kukula kwa pixel ndizofala, ndipo mpaka 16 μm amapezeka.
● Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa: Zofunikira zochepa zamakamera a CMOS zimawathandiza kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zasayansi ndi mafakitale.
● Mtengo ndi moyo wonse: Makamera a CMOS otsika amakhala ofanana kapena otsika mtengo ku makamera a CCD, ndipo makamera apamwamba a CMOS ndi otsika mtengo kuposa makamera a EMCCD. Utumiki wawo womwe akuyembekezeredwa uyenera kukhala wopambana kwambiri wa kamera ya EMCCD.
kuipa
● Chotsekera: Makamera ambiri asayansi a CMOS ali ndi chotsekera, chomwe chitha kuwonjezera zovuta pakuyesa kuyesa kapena kuletsa mapulogalamu ena.
● Mapiritsi akuda kwambirit: Makamera ambiri a CMOS ali ndi mdima wandiweyani kwambiri kuposa masensa a CCD ndi EMCCD, nthawi zina amabweretsa phokoso lalikulu pakatuluka nthawi yayitali (> 1 sekondi).
Kumene Masensa a CMOS Akugwiritsidwa Ntchito Masiku Ano
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo, masensa a CMOS amapezeka mumitundu yambiri yamapulogalamu:
● Consumer Electronics: Mafoni am'manja, makamera apa intaneti, ma DSLR, makamera ochitapo kanthu.
● Sayansi ya Zamoyo: Mphamvu ya masensa a CMOSmakamera a microscopeamagwiritsidwa ntchito mu kujambula kwa fluorescence ndi matenda achipatala.
● Sayansi ya zakuthambo: Ma telescopes ndi zida zojambulira mumlengalenga nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito sayansi ya CMOS (sCMOS) pakuwongolera kwakukulu komanso phokoso lochepa.
● Kuyendera Mafakitale: Automated Optical Inspection (AOI), robotics, ndimakamera oyang'anira semiconductorkudalira masensa a CMOS pa liwiro komanso kulondola.
● Magalimoto: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), makamera owonera kumbuyo ndi kuyimika magalimoto.
● Kuyang'anira & Chitetezo: Njira zodziwira zowunikira zochepa komanso zoyenda.
Kuthamanga kwawo komanso kukwera mtengo kwawo kumapangitsa CMOS kukhala yankho lothandizira pazamalonda kwambiri komanso ntchito zapadera zasayansi.
Chifukwa CMOS Tsopano Ndi Mulingo Wamakono
Kusintha kuchokera ku CCD kupita ku CMOS sikunachitike mwadzidzidzi, koma kunali kosapeweka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake CMOS tsopano ili mwala wapangodya wamakampani ojambula zithunzi:
● Ubwino Wopanga Zinthu: Amamangidwa pamizere yopangira semiconductor yokhazikika, kuchepetsa mtengo ndikuwongolera kukhazikika.
● Kupindula Pantchito: Zosankha zogudubuza ndi zotsekera zapadziko lonse lapansi, kukhathamiritsa kwa kuwala kocheperako, komanso mafelemu apamwamba kwambiri.
● Kuphatikiza & Luntha: Masensa a CMOS tsopano amathandizira pa-chip AI processing, komputa yam'mphepete, ndi kusanthula nthawi yeniyeni.
● Zatsopano: Mitundu ya masensa omwe akutuluka ngati CMOS yokhazikika, masensa azithunzi za quanta, ndi masensa opindika amamangidwa pamapulatifomu a CMOS.
Kuyambira mafoni mpakamakamera asayansi, CMOS yatsimikizira kukhala yosinthika, yamphamvu, komanso yokonzekera mtsogolo.
Mapeto
Masensa a CMOS asintha kukhala mulingo wamakono wamagwiritsidwe ambiri azojambula, chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito, magwiridwe antchito, komanso mtengo. Kaya tikukumbukira tsiku ndi tsiku kapena kusanthula kwasayansi kothamanga kwambiri, ukadaulo wa CMOS umapereka maziko adziko lamakono.
Monga zatsopano monga shutter yapadziko lonse CMOS ndi sCMOS zikupitiliza kukulitsa luso laukadaulo, kulamulira kwake kukuyembekezeka kupitiliza zaka zikubwerazi.
FAQs
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa shutter yozungulira ndi shutter yapadziko lonse?
Chotsekera chotsekera chimawerengera chithunzi chilichonse mzere ndi mzere, zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa zinthu zoyenda (monga skew kapena kugwedezeka) pojambula zinthu zomwe zikuyenda mwachangu.
Chotsekera chapadziko lonse lapansi chimagwira chimango chonse nthawi imodzi, ndikuchotsa kupotoza koyenda. Ndizoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kujambula mwachangu kwambiri monga masomphenya a makina ndi kuyesa kwasayansi.
Kodi Rolling Shutter CMOS Overlap Mode ndi chiyani?
Pamakamera a CMOS otsekera, munjira yophatikizika, kuwonekera kwa chimango chotsatira kumatha kuyamba yomwe ilipoyo isanathe, kulola mitengo yokwera kwambiri. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa kuwonekera kwa mzere uliwonse ndikuwerengera kumasokonekera pakapita nthawi.
Njirayi ndiyothandiza pamapulogalamu omwe kuchuluka kwa chimango ndi kutulutsa kumakhala kofunikira, monga kuyang'ana mwachangu kapena kutsatira nthawi yeniyeni. Komabe, zitha kukulitsa pang'ono zovuta za nthawi ndi kulunzanitsa.
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Ufulu wonse ndi wotetezedwa. Potchulapo, chonde vomerezani gwero:www.tucsen.com
