25/08/20Ha u lekola kh'amera ea mahlale, litlhaloso tsa tekheniki li ka ba boima haholo - boholo ba pixel, ts'ebetso ea quantum, dynamic range, le tse ling. Har'a lintlha tsena, botebo ke e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa ho tseba hore na kh'amera ea hau e ka nka lintlha tse kae le hore na e emela lintlha tse ntle hakae.
Lits'oants'ong tsa mahlale, moo ho fapana ho sa bonahaleng ha khanya ho ka emelang data ea bohlokoa, ho utloisisa botebo ha se taba ea boikhethelo - ho bohlokoa.
Sengoliloeng sena se hlalosa hore na botebo ke eng, hore na bo ama boleng ba setšoantšo joang, karolo ea bona ho nepahala ha data, le mokhoa oa ho khetha botebo bo nepahetseng bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea hau.
Botebo ba Bit: Palo e phahameng ka ho Fetisisa ea Boputsoa ho Pixel ea setšoantšo
Ha o sebetsa ka kh'amera ea mahlale, botebo ba hanyane bo hlalosa hore na pixel ka 'ngoe e ka rekota litekanyetso tse kae tse ikhethang tsa matla. Sena ke sa bohlokoa hobane litšoantšong tsa saense, boleng ba pixel ka 'ngoe bo ka lumellana ka ho toba le palo e lekantsoeng, e kang photon count kapa fluorescence intensity.
Botebo bo bonts'a palo ea 'likotoana' tsa data ea binary ea dijithale eo pixel e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e e sebelisang ho boloka boleng ba matla, moo li-bits tse 8 li etsang baiti e le 'ngoe. Boleng bo holimo ba bohlooho bo fanoa ke:
Maemo a maholo a bohlooho = 2^(Botebo ba hanyane)
Ka mohlala:
● 8-bit = 256 maemo
● 12-bit = 4,096 maemo
● 16-bit = 65,536 maemo
Maemo a mang a boputsoa a lumella ho khanya ho hoholo le kemelo e nepahetseng haholoanyane ea liphapang tse poteletseng, tse ka bang bohlokoa haholo ha ho metha matšoao a fokolang kapa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea bongata.
Botebo bo fokolang le lebelo
Botebo bo eketsehang bo bolela hore li-converter tsa analogue-to-digital (ADCs) li tlameha ho ntša li-bits tse ngata ho latela tekanyo. Hangata sena se hloka hore ba fokotse litekanyo tsa bona motsotsoana - ke hore, ho fokotsa sekhahla sa foreimi ea khamera.
Ka lebaka lena, ba bangatalik'hamera tsa saensefana ka mekhoa e 'meli ea ho fumana:
● Boemo ba botebo bo phahameng - Sena se fana ka mefuta e phahameng ea maemo. E etelletsa pele tonal resolution le mefuta e fapaneng ea matla bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse kang fluorescence microscopy kapa spectroscopy.
● Boemo ba lebelo le holimo - Sena se fokotsa botebo bo itseng molemong oa lireiti tse potlakileng tsa foreimi, e leng ntho ea bohlokoa bakeng sa liketsahalo tse potlakileng litšoantšong tsa lebelo le holimo.
Ho tseba phetoho ena ho u thusa ho khetha mokhoa o lumellanang le sepheo sa hau sa ho nka litšoantšo - ho nepahala khahlano le tharollo ea nakoana.
Ho teba hanyenyane le mefuta e fapaneng ea matla
Ho tloaelehile ho ferekanya botebo bo fokolang le dynamic range, empa ha li tšoane. Botebo ba Bit bo hlalosa palo ea maemo a khanya a ka bang teng, ha dynamic range e hlalosa karo-karolelano lipakeng tsa mats'oao a fokolang haholo le a khanyang haholo.
Kamano lipakeng tsa tsena tse peli e ipapisitse le lintlha tse ling joalo ka litlhophiso tsa ho fumana khamera le lerata la ho bala. Ebile, dynamic range e ka hlahisoa ka "li-bits tse sebetsang," ho bolelang hore ts'ebetso ea lerata e ka fokotsa palo ea li-bits tse kenyang letsoho ho data e sebetsang ea litšoantšo.
Bakeng sa khetho ea khamera, sena se bolela hore u lokela ho lekola botebo bo fokolang le sebaka se matla hammoho ho fapana le ho nka hore e 'ngoe e hlalosa e 'ngoe ka botlalo.
Li-byte tsa polokelo ea data tse hlokehang ka foreimi ea khamera (ntle le khatello) li ka baloa joalo ka:
Polokelo ea data
Ho feta moo, liforomo tse ling tsa faele - joalo ka TIFF - boloka data ea 9- ho isa ho 16-bit ka har'a "wrapper" ea 16-bit. Sena se bolela hore le haeba setšoantšo sa hau se sebelisa li-bits tse 12 feela, sebaka sa polokelo se ka tšoana le setšoantšo se felletseng sa 16-bit.
Bakeng sa li-laboratory tse sebetsanang le li-database tse kholo, sena se na le liphello tse sebetsang: litšoantšo tse tebileng tse phahameng li hloka sebaka se eketsehileng sa disk, nako e telele ea ho fetisa, le matla a mangata a k'homphieutha bakeng sa ho sebetsa. Ho leka-lekanya litlhoko tse nepahetseng le matla a taolo ea data ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ts'ebetso e sebetsang hantle.
Kamoo botebo ba Bit bo Amang Boleng ba Litšoantšo
Setšoantšo: Mehlala e tebileng
HLOKOMELA: Papiso ea mohopolo oa botebo hanyane. Ho fokotsa botebo ba hanyane ho fokotsa palo ea mehato e matla e ka sebelisoang ho hlahisa setšoantšo.
Ho teba hanyenyane ho na le tšusumetso e tobileng likarolong tse 'maloa tsa boleng ba setšoantšo khamera ea saense.
Dynamic Range
Botebo bo phahameng bo hapa maemo a khanya, bo boloka lintlha ka har'a meriti le lintlha tse phahameng.
Mohlala, ho microscope ea fluorescence, likarolo tse lefifi li kanna tsa se bonahale setšoantšong sa 8-bit empa li khethollehile haholoanyane ho nkuoeng ha 16-bit.
Smoother Tonal Gradations
Botebo bo phahameng bo lumella phetoho e thellang lipakeng tsa maemo a khanya, ho qoba "banding" ho li-gradients. Sena se bohlokoa haholo tlhahlobong ea lipalo, moo ho tlola ka tšohanyetso ho ka khopamisang litholoana.
Boemeli ba Pontšo-ho-Noise Ratio (SNR).
Le ha botebo bo sa phahamise SNR ea sensor ka kotloloho, bo thusa kh'amera ho emela ka nepo mefuta e poteletseng ea matšoao ka holim'a mokato oa lerata.
Haeba SNR ea sensor e le tlase ho feta qeto e fanoang ke botebo bo fokolang, likotoana tseo tse ling li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa kenya letsoho ho boleng ba setšoantšo - ntho eo u lokelang ho e hopola.
Mohlala:
●8-bit setšoantšo: Meriti ea kopana, likarolo tse fokolang lia nyamela, 'me liphetoho tse poteletseng lia lahleha.
●Setšoantšo sa 16-bit: Likarolo li ntse li tsoela pele, mehaho e fokolang e bolokiloe, 'me litekanyo tsa bongata li tšepahala haholoanyane.
Botebo ba Hanyane le ho Nepaha ha Boitsebiso ho Scientific Imaging
Litšoantšong tsa mahlale, setšoantšo ha se setšoantšo feela - ke data. Boleng ba pixel ka 'ngoe bo ka tsamaisana le bongata bo ka lekanyetsoang, joalo ka photon count, fluorescence intensity, kapa spectral power.
Botebo bo phahameng bo fokotsa phoso ea quantization - phoso ea ho pota-pota e hlahang ha lets'oao la analog le kenngoa ka har'a maemo a sa tšoaneng. Ka maemo a mangata a fumanehang, boleng ba dijithale bo abeloang pixel haufi haholo le lets'oao la 'nete la analoge.
Lebaka leo sena se leng bohlokoa
● Ho microscope ea fluorescence, phapang e le 'ngoe feela ea ho khanya e ka 'na ea bontša phetoho e khōlō ea ho tsepahallana ha liprotheine.
● Lithutong tsa bolepi ba linaleli, matšoao a fokolang a tsoang linaleling tse hōle kapa lihlopha tsa linaleli a ka lahleha haeba botebo bo le tlaase haholo.
● Ho spectroscopy, botebo bo holimonyana bo netefatsa litekanyo tse nepahetseng haholoanyane tsa ho monya kapa ho ntša metsi.
Khamera ea sCMOS e nang le tlhahiso ea 16-bit e ka rekota liphapang tse poteletseng tse neng li ke ke tsa bonahala ka har'a sistimi e tebileng, e etsa hore e be ea bohlokoa bakeng sa lits'ebetso tse hlokang ho nepahala ha palo.
U Hloka Botebo Bo Bokae?
Lisebelisoa tse ngata li hloka maemo a holimo a mats'oao le mefuta e mengata ea matla, moo botebo bo phahameng haholo (14-bit, 16-bit kapa ho feta) bo ka ba molemo.
Leha ho le joalo, ka litšoantšo tse fokolang tsa leseli, botebo bo fumanehang bo tla fana ka matla a holimo haholo ho feta a ka fihlellehang maemong a mangata. Haholo-holo bakeng sa lik'hamera tsa 16-bit, ntle le haeba phaello e phahame haholo, mefuta e feletseng ea 16-bit ha e hlokahale ka seoelo.
Lik'hamera tsa lebelo le holimo kapa mekhoa ea khamera e ka ba 8-bit feela, e ka fokotsang ho feta, le hoja lebelo le phahameng leo mekhoa ea 8-bit e ka e etsang hangata e etsa hore khoebo e be ea bohlokoa. Baetsi ba lik'hamera ba ka eketsa ho feto-fetoha ha mekhoa ea 8-bit ho sebetsana le maemo a tloaelehileng a lits'ebetso tse fapaneng tsa litšoantšo ka litlhophiso tse fetohang tsa phaello.
Ho Khetha Botebo ba Bit bo Nepahetseng bakeng sa Kopo ea Hao
Mona ke tšupiso e potlakileng ea ho bapisa botebo bo fokolang le maemo a tloaelehileng a mahlale a litšoantšo:
| Kopo | Botebo ba Bit bo khothalelitsoeng | Lebaka |
| Fluorescence Microscopy | 16-bit | Fumana matšoao a fokolang le phapang e poteletseng ea matla |
| Thuto ea Astronomy | 14-16-bit | Tšoara maemo a phahameng a matla maemong a khanya e tlase |
| Tlhahlobo ea Liindasteri | 12-14-bit | Lemoha liphoso tse nyane ka ho hlaka |
| Kakaretso ea Litokomane | 8-bit | E lekaneng merero e seng bongata |
| Spectroscopy | 16-bit | Boloka liphetoho tse ntle ho data ea spectral |
Likhoebo:
●Botebo bo phahameng= tharollo e ntle ea tonal le ho nepahala, empa lifaele tse kholoanyane le linako tse telele tsa ho sebetsa.
●Botebo bo tlase= ho fumana kapele le lifaele tse nyane, empa kotsi ea ho lahleheloa ke lintlha tse poteletseng.
Botebo ba Bit vs Lintlha tse ling tsa Khamera
Le hoja botebo bo le bohlokoa, ke karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea puzzle ha u khetha khamera ea saense.
Mofuta oa Sensor (CCD vs CMOS vs sCMOS)
● Mehaho e fapaneng ea li-sensor e na le lerata le fapaneng la ho bala, maemo a feto-fetohang, le bokhoni ba palo. Mohlala, sensor e tebileng haholo e nang le ts'ebetso e fokolang ea palo e ntse e ka thatafalloa ke ho nahana ka leseli le tlase.
Katleho ea Quantum (QE)
● QE e hlalosa hore na sensor e fetola li-photon hore e be lielektrone hantle hakae. QE e phahameng e bohlokoa bakeng sa ho ts'oara matšoao a fokolang, 'me ha e penta ka botebo bo lekaneng, e eketsa ho nepahala ha data.
Dynamic Range
● Matla a khamera a etsa qeto ea hore na ke nako e kae pakeng tsa mats'oao a fokolang haholo le a khanyang haholo ao e ka a nkang ka nako e le 'ngoe. Matla a holimo a holimo a molemo haholo ha a bapisoa le botebo bo khonang ho emela maemo ao a khanya.
Hlokomela:
Botebo bo phahameng bo ke ke ba ntlafatsa boleng ba setšoantšo haeba mefokolo e meng ea tsamaiso (joaloka lerata kapa optics) e le tšitiso ea 'nete.
Mohlala, kh'amera ea 8-bit e nang le lerata le tlase haholo e ka fetisa sistimi e lerata ea 16-bit lits'ebetsong tse ling.
Qetello
Lits'oants'ong tsa mahlale, botebo bo feta botekgeniki - ke ntlha ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hapa lintlha tse nepahetseng, tse tšepahalang.
Ho tloha ho lemoha lintho tse sa bonahaleng ka har'a microscopy ho isa ho ho rekota lihlopha tsa linaleli tse hole tsa bolepi ba linaleli, botebo bo nepahetseng bo tiisa hore khamera ea hau ea mahlale e boloka lintlha le litekanyo tseo lipatlisiso tsa hau li itšetlehileng ka tsona.
Ha u khetha khamera:
1. Bapisa botebo bo fokolang le litlhoko tse nepahetseng tsa kopo ea hau.
2. E nahane hammoho le lintlha tse ling tsa bohlokoa tse kang quantum performance, lerata, le dynamic range.
3. Hopola hore botebo bo tlase bo bohlokoa haholo ha sistimi ea hau e ka nka monyetla ka eona.
Haeba u batla aKhamera ea CMOS orKhamera ea sCMOSe etselitsoeng litšoantšo tsa mahlale tse tebileng haholoanyane, hlahloba mefuta ea rona ea mefuta e etselitsoeng ho nepahala, ho ts'epahala, le ho nepahala ha data.
FAQs
Phapano ke efe lipakeng tsa 12-bit, 14-bit, le 16-bit litšoantšong tsa mahlale?
Ka mokhoa o sebetsang, ho tlola ho tloha ho 12-bit (maeto a 4,096) ho ea ho 14-bit (maemo a 16,384) ebe ho ea ho 16-bit (maemo a 65,536) ho lumella khethollo e ntseng e tsoela pele e ntlafetseng lipakeng tsa boleng ba khanya.
● 12-bit e lekane bakeng sa likopo tse ngata tsa indasteri le litokomane moo mabone a laoloang hantle.
● 14-bit e fana ka tekanyo e ntle ea ho nepahala le boholo ba faele e laolehang, e loketseng boholo ba mosebetsi oa laboratori.
● 16-bit e ipabola maemong a bobebe bo tlase, a maemo a holimo a kang fluorescence microscopy kapa astronomical imaging, moo bokhoni ba ho hatisa mats'oao a fokolang ntle le ho lahleheloa ke lintlha tse khanyang ho bohlokoa.
Leha ho le joalo, hopola hore lerata la sensor ea khamera le mefuta e fapaneng ea matla e tlameha ho lekana ho sebelisa mehato eo e eketsehileng ea tonal - ho seng joalo, melemo e kanna ea se ke ea fumaneha.
Na botebo bo phahameng ba biti bo lula bo hlahisa litšoantšo tse betere?
Eseng ka boomo. Botebo bo fokolang bo etsa qeto e ka bang teng ea tonal, empa boleng ba setšoantšo bo itšetlehile ka lintlha tse ling, ho kenyelletsa:
● Kutloisiso ea kutlo (ho sebetsa hantle ha quantum)
● Lerata la ho bala
● Boleng ba Optics
● Ho tsitsa ha khanya
Mohlala, kh'amera e nang le lerata le phahameng la 16-bit CMOS e kanna ea se nke lintlha tsa bohlokoa ho feta kh'amera ea molumo o tlase ea 12-bit sCMOS maemong a itseng. Ka mantsoe a mang, botebo bo holimo bo molemo haholo ha bo pentiloe le sistimi e ntlafalitsoeng ea litšoantšo.
A na nka theola setšoantšo ho tsoa ho setšoantšo se tebileng ntle le ho lahleheloa ke data ea bohlokoa?
E, ha e le hantle, sena ke mokhoa o tloaelehileng. Ho ts'oara botebong bo holimo ho u fa monyetla oa ho feto-fetoha le maemo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea morao-rao le tlhahlobo ea bongata. Hamorao o ka theolela 8-bit bakeng sa tlhahiso kapa polokelong ea litaba, oa boloka liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ntle le ho boloka dataset e felletseng. Etsa bonnete ba hore lifaele tsa mantlha tse tebileng haholo li bolokiloe kae-kae haeba ho ka hlokahala tlhahlobo e ncha.
Biti botebo bo bapala karolo efe litekanyong tsa mahlale tsa bongata?
Lits'oants'ong tsa lipalo, botebo ba hanyane bo ama ka kotloloho hore na boleng ba pixel bo emela matla a mats'oao a 'nete a lefats'e. Sena ke sa bohlokoa ho:
● Microscopy - Ho lekanya matla a fluorescence boemong ba lisele.
● Spectroscopy - Ho lemoha liphetoho tse poteletseng meleng ea ho monya / ea ho tsoa.
● Astronomy – Ho rekota mehloli ea mabone a fokolang haholo ka nako e telele.
Maemong ana, botebo bo sa lekaneng bo ka baka liphoso tsa ho pota-pota kapa ho fokotsa matšoao, ho lebisang ho tlhaloso e fosahetseng ea data.
U batla ho ithuta haholoanyane? Sheba lingoloa tse amanang:
[Dynamic Range] - Dynamic Range ke Eng?
Bokhoni ba Quantum ho Likhamera tsa Saense: Tataiso ea ba qalang
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Litokelo tsohle li sirelelitsoe. Ha u qotsa, ka kopo ela hloko mohloli:www.tucsen.com
