25/08/20Xa uvavanya ikhamera yesayensi, iinkcukacha zobugcisa zinokuba nzima - ubungakanani bepixel, ukusebenza kakuhle kwequantum, uluhlu oluguquguqukayo, kunye nokunye. Phakathi kwezi nkcazo, ubunzulu obuncinci yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ekumiseleni ukuba lungakanani ulwazi olunokuthi luthathwe yikhamera yakho kunye nokuba imele ngokuthembekileyo kangakanani iinkcukacha ezintle.
Kumfanekiso wenzululwazi, apho umahluko ofihlakeleyo ekukhanyeni unokumela idatha ebalulekileyo, ukuqonda ubunzulu bentwana ayikhethi-ibalulekile.
Eli nqaku licacisa ukuba bubuphi ubunzulu obuncinci, buchaphazela njani umgangatho womfanekiso, indima yawo ekuchanekeni kwedatha, kunye nendlela yokukhetha ubunzulu besuntswana elifanelekileyo kwisicelo sakho.
Ubunzulu beBit: Ubuninzi beNqanaba eliNjivu liBala kwiPixel yoMfanekiso
Xa usebenza ngekhamera yenzululwazi, ubunzulu bentwana buchaza ukuba mangaphi na amaxabiso obungakanani obahlukileyo bepixel nganye enokurekhoda. Oku kubalulekile kuba kumfanekiso wenzululwazi, ixabiso lepixel nganye linokungqamana ngokuthe ngqo nobungakanani obulinganisiweyo, obufana nokubalwa kweefotoni okanye ubunzulu be-fluorescence.
Ubunzulu besuntswana bubonisa inani 'lamasuntswana' edatha yokubini yedijithali esetyenziswa ipikseli nganye ukugcina amaxabiso obunzulu, apho amasuntswana asi-8 enza ibhayithi enye. Elona xabiso liphezulu legreyi linikwa ngu:
Awona manqanaba aphezulu angwevu = 2^(Ubunzulu kancinci)
Umzekelo:
● 8-bit = 256 amanqanaba
● I-12-bit = amanqanaba e-4,096
● I-16-bit = 65,536 amanqanaba
Amanqanaba angwevu angaphezulu avumela ukuqaqamba okucokisekileyo kunye nokubonakaliswa okuchaneke ngakumbi kweeyantlukwano ezifihlakeleyo, ezinokuthi zibaluleke kakhulu xa kulinganiswa imiqondiso ebuthathaka okanye kusenziwa uhlalutyo lobungakanani.
Ubunzulu obuncinci kunye nesantya
Ukwandisa ubunzulu bebit kuthetha ukuba iziguquli ze-analogue ukuya kwidijithali (ADCs) kufuneka zikhuphe amasuntswana amaninzi ngomlinganiselo. Oku kudla ngokufuna ukuba banciphise imilinganiselo yabo ngesekhondi - oko kukuthi, ukunciphisa isantya sefreyim yekhamera.
Ngenxa yoko, abaninziiikhamera zenzululwazibonelela ngeendlela ezimbini zokufumana:
● Imowudi yobunzulu obuphezulu – Oku kubonelela ngoluhlu oluguquguqukayo oluphezulu. Ibeka phambili ukusonjululwa kwethoni kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo lwezicelo ezifana ne-fluorescence microscopy okanye i-spectroscopy.
● Imowudi yesantya esiphezulu – Oku kunciphisa ubunzulu bentwana ekuthandeni amaxabiso efreyim ekhawulezayo, eyimfuneko kwiziganeko ezikhawulezayo kumfanekiso okwisantya esiphezulu.
Ukwazi olu rhwebo lukunceda ukuba ukhethe imo ehambelana neenjongo zakho zokucinga - ukuchaneka ngokuchasene nesisombululo sexeshana.
Ubunzulu beBit kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo
Kuqhelekile ukubhidanisa ubunzulu besuntswana kunye noluhlu oluguquguqukayo, kodwa azifani. Ubunzulu beBit buchaza inani lamanqanaba okuqaqamba okunokwenzeka, ngelixa uluhlu oluguquguqukayo luchaza umlinganiselo phakathi kweempawu ezibonakala zibuthathaka kunye neziqaqambileyo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwezi zibini buxhomekeke kwizinto ezongezelelweyo ezifana nesetingi yokufumana ikhamera kunye nengxolo yokufunda. Ngapha koko, uluhlu oluguquguqukayo lunokubonakaliswa "ngamasuntswana asebenzayo," okuthetha ukuba ukusebenza kwengxolo kunokunciphisa inani lamasuntswana anegalelo kwidatha yemifanekiso esebenzisekayo.
Kukhetho lwekhamera, oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka uvavanye ubunzulu obuncinci kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo kunye kunokuba ucinge ukuba enye ichaza enye ngokupheleleyo.
I-bytes yokugcina idatha efunekayo kwisakhelo sekhamera (ngaphandle koxinzelelo) ingabalwa ngolu hlobo:
Ukugcinwa kwedatha
Ukongeza, ezinye iifomati zefayile - njenge TIFF - gcina i-9- ukuya kwi-16-bit data ngaphakathi kwe-16-bit "wrapper". Oku kuthetha ukuba nokuba umfanekiso wakho usebenzisa iibhithi ezili-12 kuphela, indawo yokugcina iinyawo ingafana nomfanekiso opheleleyo we-16-bit.
Kwiilebhu eziphethe iiseti zedatha ezinkulu, oku kuneempembelelo ezisebenzayo: ubunzulu besuntswana imifanekiso ephezulu ifuna indawo eyongezelelekileyo kwidisk, amaxesha ogqithiselo amade, kunye namandla ekhompyuter angakumbi okuqhubela phambili. Ukulinganisa iimfuno ezichanekileyo kunye nomthamo wolawulo lwedatha kubalulekile ekusebenzeni okusebenzayo.
Ubunzulu beBit buchaphazela njani uMgangatho woMfanekiso
Umfanekiso: Ubunzulu bemizekelo
PHAWULA: Umzekeliso wengqikelelo yobunzulu bebit. Ukunciphisa isuntswana ubunzulu kunciphisa inani lamanyathelo obunzulu anokusetyenziswa ukubonisa umfanekiso.
Ubunzulu beBit bunempembelelo ngqo kwimiba emininzi yomgangatho womfanekiso kwikhamera yesayensi.
Uluhlu olunamandla
Ubunzulu obuphezulu bubamba amanqanaba okuqaqamba ngakumbi, ukugcina iinkcukacha kwizithunzi kunye neempawu ezibalaseleyo.
Umzekelo, kwimicroscopy ye-fluorescence, iifitsha ezimfiliba zisenokungabonakali kumfanekiso we-8-bit kodwa zicace ngakumbi kuthango lwe-16-bit.
Imigangatho yeTonal egudileyo
Ubunzulu bebit obuphezulu buvumela utshintsho olutyibilikayo phakathi kwamanqanaba okukhanya, ukuthintela "i-banding" kwi-gradient. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuhlalutyo lobungakanani, apho ukutsiba ngokukhawuleza kunokuphazamisa iziphumo.
Ukumelwa koMqondiso-kwiNgxolo (SNR).
Ngelixa ubunzulu be-bit abunyusi ngokuthe ngqo i-SNR ye-sensor, yenza ukuba ikhamera imele ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi ukwahluka kweempawu ezifihlakeleyo ngaphezulu komgangatho wengxolo.
Ukuba i-SNR yomenzi woluvo isezantsi kunesisombululo esibonelelwa bubunzulu bentwana, loo masuntswana ongezelelweyo akanakuba negalelo kumgangatho wokwenyani womfanekiso - into ekufuneka uyigcine engqondweni.
Umzekelo:
●8-bit umfanekiso: Izithunzi ziyadibana, iimpawu ezibuthathaka ziyanyamalala, kwaye utshintsho olufihlakeleyo luyalahleka.
●Umfanekiso we-16-bit: Ukuhlelwa komgangatho kuyaqhubeka, izakhiwo ezibuthathaka ziyagcinwa, kwaye imilinganiselo yobungakanani inokuthenjwa ngakumbi.
Ubunzulu beBit kunye nokuchaneka kwedatha kwiSayensi yeSayensi
Kumfanekiso wenzululwazi, umfanekiso awungomfanekiso kuphela - yidatha. Ixabiso lepixel nganye lingangqamana nobungakanani obunokumetwa, obufana nokubalwa kweefotoni, ubunzulu be-fluorescence, okanye amandla okubonwa.
Ubunzulu be-bit obuphezulu bunciphisa imposiso yobungakanani - impazamo yokusondeza eyenzeka xa isignali ye-analog ifakwe kwidijithali kwimigangatho edityanisiweyo. Ngamanqanaba amaninzi akhoyo, ixabiso ledijithali elabelwe ipixel lihambelana ngokusondeleyo nesignali ye-analog yokwenyani.
Kutheni oku kubalulekile
● Kwimikroskopu ye-fluorescence, inyathelo elinye lomahluko wokuqaqamba unokubonisa utshintsho olunentsingiselo kugxininiso lweprotheyini.
● Kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, imiqondiso emfiliba yeenkwenkwezi okanye iminyele ekude inokulahleka ukuba ubunzulu buphantsi kakhulu.
● Kwi-spectroscopy, ubunzulu bebhithi ephezulu buqinisekisa imilinganiselo echane ngakumbi yokufunxa okanye imigca yokukhupha.
Ikhamera ye-sCMOS ene-16-bit ephumayo inokurekhoda iiyantlukwano ezifihlakeleyo ezinokuthi zingabonakali kwinkqubo ephantsi ye-bit-depth-depth, iyenze iyimfuneko kwizicelo ezifuna ukuchaneka kobungakanani.
Ngaba ufuna ubunzulu beBit obungakanani?
Usetyenziso oluninzi lufuna amanqanaba omqondiso aphezulu kunye noluhlu oluguquguqukayo oluphezulu, apho ubunzulu obuphezulu besuntswana (i-14-bit, i-16-bit okanye ngaphezulu) bunokuba luncedo.
Ngesiqhelo ngomfanekiso wokukhanya okuphantsi, nangona kunjalo, ubunzulu bebit obukhoyo buya kubonelela ngokuqina okuphezulu kakhulu kunokuba kuyakufikelelwa kwiimeko ezininzi. Ngokukodwa kwiikhamera ze-16-bit, ngaphandle kokuba inzuzo iphezulu kakhulu, uluhlu olupheleleyo lwe-16-bit alufane lube yimfuneko.
Iikhamera ezinesantya esiphezulu okanye iimowudi zekhamera zinokuba yi-8-bit, enokuthi ibe ngumda ngakumbi, nangona izantya eziphezulu ezinokuthi iimowudi ze-8-bit zihlale zenza urhwebo luxabiseke. Abavelisi bekhamera banokunyusa ukuguquguquka kweemowudi ze-8-bit ukuhlangabezana namanqanaba omqondiso oqhelekileyo wezicelo zemifanekiso eyahlukeneyo ngokusebenzisa izicwangciso zenzuzo eziguqukayo.
Ukukhetha ubunzulu beBit obuLungileyo kwiSicelo sakho
Nantsi ireferensi ekhawulezayo yokuthelekisa ubunzulu obuncinci kwimizeko yemifanekiso yenzululwazi eqhelekileyo:
| Isicelo | Ubunzulu beBit ecetyiswayo | Isizathu |
| IMikroskopu yeFluorescence | I-16-bit | Khangela imiqondiso ebuthathaka kunye nomahluko wobunzulu obufihlakeleyo |
| I-Astronomy imaging | 14–16-bit | Thatha uluhlu oluguquguqukayo oluphezulu kwiimeko zokukhanya okuphantsi |
| Ukuhlolwa kwemizi-mveliso | 12–14-bit | Chonga iziphene ezincinci ngokucacileyo |
| Uxwebhu ngokubanzi | 8-bit | Yanele kwiinjongo ezingezizo zobungakanani |
| I-Spectroscopy | I-16-bit | Gcina iiyantlukwano ezintle kwidatha ye-spectral |
Ukurhweba:
●Ubunzulu bebit obuphezulu= isisombululo esingcono setoni kunye nokuchaneka, kodwa iifayile ezinkulu kunye namaxesha okucubungula amade.
●Ubunzulu bebhithi esezantsi= ukufunyanwa ngokukhawuleza kunye neefayile ezincinci, kodwa umngcipheko wokuphulukana neenkcukacha ezifihlakeleyo.
Ubunzulu beBit vs Ezinye iiNkcazo zeKhamera
Ngelixa ubunzulu obuncinci bubalulekile, liqhekeza elinye kuphela lephazili xa ukhetha ikhamera yenzululwazi.
Uhlobo lweSensor (CCD vs CMOS vs sCMOS)
● Ulwakhiwo loluvo olwahlukeneyo lunengxolo yokufunda eyahluka-hlukeneyo, uluhlu oluguquguqukayo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle komyinge. Umzekelo, isivamvo sobunzulu obunzulu obunobunzulu obuphantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum kusenobunzima kwimifanekiso yokukhanya okuphantsi.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-Quantum (QE)
● I-QE ichaza indlela efanelekileyo ngayo inzwa yokuguqula iifotoni zibe zii-electron. I-QE ephezulu ibalulekile ekubambeni imiqondiso ebuthathaka, kwaye xa idityaniswe nobunzulu obuncinane obaneleyo, ikhulisa ukuchaneka kwedatha.
Uluhlu olunamandla
● Uluhlu oluguquguqukayo lwekhamera lumisela indawo phakathi kweyona miqondiso incinane neqaqambileyo enokuzithatha ngaxeshanye. Uluhlu oluguquguqukayo oluphezulu luluncedo kakhulu xa ludityaniswa nobunzulu obunokumela loo migangatho yokuqaqamba.
Phawula:
Ubunzulu be-bit obuphezulu abuyi kuphucula umgangatho womfanekiso ukuba ezinye izithintelo zenkqubo (njengengxolo okanye i-optics) ziyi-bottleneck yokwenyani.
Umzekelo, ikhamera ye-8-bit enengxolo ephantsi kakhulu inokugqwesa inkqubo ye-16-bit enengxolo kwezinye iinkqubo.
Ukuqukumbela
Kumfanekiso wenzululwazi, ubunzulu obuncinci bungaphezulu kwenkcazelo yobugcisa - yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubambeni idatha echanekileyo, ethembekileyo.
Ukusuka ekubhaqweni kwezakhiwo ezibuthathaka kwimicroscope ukuya ekurekhodweni kweminyele ekude kwiastronomy, ubunzulu besuntswana elifanelekileyo buqinisekisa ukuba ikhamera yakho yenzululwazi igcina iinkcukacha kunye nemilinganiselo yophando lwakho oluxhomekeke kuyo.
Xa ukhetha ikhamera:
1. Tshatisa ubunzulu besuntswana kwiimfuno ezichanekileyo zesicelo sakho.
2. Yithathele ingqalelo ecaleni kwezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ezifana nokusebenza komthamo, ingxolo, kunye noluhlu oluguquguqukayo.
3. Khumbula ukuba ubunzulu bebit obuphezulu buxabiseke kakhulu xa inkqubo yakho inokuthatha ithuba kubo.
Ukuba ukhangela iIkhamera yeCMOS orIkhamera ye-sCMOSyenzelwe ukucingela ubunzulu bobunzulu obuphezulu, jonga uluhlu lwethu lweemodeli ezenzelwe ukuchaneka, ukuthembeka, kunye nokuchaneka kwedatha.
Ii-FAQs
Ngowuphi umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwe-12-bit, 14-bit, kunye ne-16-bit kumfanekiso wenzululwazi?
Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukutsiba ukusuka kwi-12-bit (amanqanaba angama-4,096) ukuya kwi-14-bit (amanqanaba angama-16,384) kwaye emva koko ukuya kwi-16-bit (amanqanaba angama-65,536) ivumela ucalucalulo oluqhubekayo phakathi kwamaxabiso okukhanya.
● I-12-bit yanele kumashishini amaninzi kunye nezicelo zamaxwebhu apho ukukhanya kulawulwa kakuhle.
● I-14-bit inika ibhalansi elungileyo yokuchaneka kunye nobukhulu befayile elawulekayo, ilungele uninzi lokuhamba komsebenzi elabhoratri.
● I-16-bit iyagqwesa ekukhanyeni okuphantsi, kwimizo eguquguqukayo yoluhlu oluphezulu olufana ne-fluorescence microscopy okanye i-astronomical imaging, apho ukukwazi ukurekhoda imiqondiso engacacanga ngaphandle kokuphulukana neenkcukacha eziqaqambileyo kubalulekile.
Nangona kunjalo, khumbula ukuba ingxolo yesivamvo sekhamera kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo kufuneka lulunge ngokwaneleyo ukusebenzisa la manyathelo ongezelelweyo ethoni - kungenjalo, izibonelelo zisenokungafezeki.
Ngaba ubunzulu bebit obuphezulu buhlala bukhokelela kwimifanekiso engcono?
Ayizenzekeli. Ubunzulu obuncinci bumisela isisombululo setoni enokubakho, kodwa umgangatho womfanekiso wokwenyani uxhomekeke kwezinye izinto, kubandakanya:
● Uvakalelo lwenzwa (ubuchule bobungakanani)
● Ingxolo yokufunda
● Umgangatho we-Optics
● Ukuzinza kokukhanya
Umzekelo, ikhamera ye-CMOS enengxolo ephezulu ye-16-bit ayinakubamba iinkcukacha eziluncedo kunekhamera ye-sCMOS enengxolo ephantsi ye-12-bit kwiimeko ezithile. Ngamanye amazwi, ubunzulu be-bit obuphezulu buluncedo kakhulu xa zidityaniswe nenkqubo yomfanekiso olungiselelwe kakuhle.
Ngaba ndingayenza isampula kumfanekiso onobunzulu obuphezulu ngaphandle kokuphulukana nedatha ebalulekileyo?
Ewe - eneneni, le yinto eqhelekileyo. Ukubamba kubunzulu obuphezulu be-bit kukunika ukuguquguquka kwe-post-processing kunye nohlalutyo lobungakanani. Unokwenza isampula kamva ukuya kwi-8-bit yokubonisa okanye ukugcinwa, ukugcina iziphumo zohlalutyo ngaphandle kokugcina idatha epheleleyo. Qinisekisa nje ukuba iifayile zoqobo ezinobunzulu obuphezulu zigcinwe ndaweni ithile ukuba uhlahlelo kwakhona lunokufuneka.
Yeyiphi indima edlalwa ubunzulu bebit kwimilinganiselo yenzululwazi yobungakanani?
Kumfanekiso wobungakanani, ubunzulu bentwana buphembelela ngokuthe ngqo indlela amaxabiso epixel amele ngayo ubunzulu bophawu lwehlabathi lokwenyani. Oku kubalulekile kwi:
● I-Microscopy – Ukulinganisa ubunzulu be-fluorescence utshintsho kwinqanaba leselula.
● I-Spectroscopy - Ukufumanisa utshintsho olufihlakeleyo kwimigca yokufunxa / yokukhupha.
● I-Astronomy – Ukurekhoda imithombo yokukhanya okufiphele kutyhileko olude.
Kwezi meko, ubunzulu besuntswana obungonelanga bunokubangela iimpazamo zokusondeza okanye ukunqunyulwa komqondiso, okukhokelela ekutolikweni kwedatha okungachanekanga.
Uyafuna ukufunda ngakumbi? Jonga amanqaku anxulumeneyo:
[Uluhlu oluDynamic]-Yintoni iDynamic Range?
Ubuchule beQuantum kwiiKhamera zeNzululwazi: Isikhokelo sabaQalayo
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Onke amalungelo agciniwe. Xa ucaphula, nceda wazise umthombo:www.tucsen.com
