24/05/22Izinzwa ze-EMCCD zazisisityhilelo: yongeza ubuntununtunu bakho ngokunciphisa ingxolo yokufunda. Ewe, phantse, ngokwenyani besisonyusa uphawu ukwenza ingxolo yokufunda kwakho ibonakale ngathi incinci.
Kwaye sasibathanda, bafumana ikhaya elikhawulezayo elinomsebenzi wesignali ephantsi njengemolekyuli enye kunye ne-spectroscopy emva koko yasasazwa phakathi kwababoneleli benkqubo ye-microscope yezinto ezifana ne-spinning disc, isisombululo esiphezulu nangaphaya. Kwaye ke sababulala. Okanye siye?
Itekhnoloji ye-EMCCD inembali yayo kunye nababoneleli abaphambili ababini: i-e2V kunye ne-Texas Instruments. I-E2V, ngoku iTeledyne e2V, yaqala oku kuqengqeleka ngezavambo zoluvo ekuqaleni ukuya ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 kodwa yenza umtsi wokwenyani ngowona mahluko owamkelweyo, enoluhlu lwee-512 x 512 ezine-16-micron pixels.
Esi sivamvo sokuqala, kwaye mhlawumbi sisona sibalaseleyo se-EMCCD sinempembelelo yokwenyani kwaye isiqingatha salo yayibukhulu bepixel. I-16-micron pixels kwi-microscope iqokelelwe amaxesha angama-6 ukukhanya ngakumbi kune-CCD eyaziwayo kakhulu ngelo xesha, i-ICX285, efakwe kwi-CoolSnap kunye ne-Orca series. Ngaphaya kobungakanani bepixel, ezi zixhobo bezikhanyisile ziguqula iifotoni ezingama-30% ngaphezulu zithatha uvakalelo oluphindwe ka-6 ukuya kwisi-7.
Ke ngokusebenzayo i-EMCCD yayinovakalelo oluphindwe ka-7 ngaphambi kokuba siyivule kwaye sifumane impembelelo yenzuzo ye-EMCCD. Ngoku ngokuqinisekileyo ungaxoxa ukuba ungayibopha iCCD, okanye ungasebenzisa i-optics ukwenza iisayizi ezinkulu zeepixels - ngabantu abaninzi abayenzanga loo nto!
Ngaphaya koku, ukufumana ingxolo yokufunda ngaphantsi kwe-electron e-1 yayingundoqo. Yayisisitshixo, kodwa yayingakhululeki. Inkqubo yokuphindaphinda yandise ukungaqiniseki komlinganiselo womqondiso othetha ingxolo yokudubula, umbane omnyama, kunye nayo nayiphi na enye into esasinayo ngaphambi kokuphindaphinda yandiswe nge-1.4. Ngoko, yayithetha ukuthini loo nto? Ewe, oko kwakuthetha ukuba i-EMCCD yayinovakalelo ngakumbi kodwa kuphela ekukhanyeni okuphantsi, ke luhlobo oluthile lwexesha olufuna ngalo akunjalo?
Ngokuchasene neCCD yakudala, yayingelokhuphiswano. Iiphikseli ezinkulu, ngaphezulu kwe-QE, i-EM Gain. Kwaye sonke sasonwabile, ngakumbi abo bethu kwiintengiso zekhamera: $ 40,000, nceda ...
Ekuphela kwezinto ebesinokuzenza ngakumbi ngesantya, indawo yesivamvo, kwaye (hayi ukuba besisazi ukuba inokwenzeka) ubungakanani bepixel encinci.
Emva koko kwafika ulawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokuthotyelwa, kwaye oko akuzange kube mnandi. Kuyavela ukuba ukulandelela iamolekyu enye kunye neerokethi zokulandelela ziyafana, kwaye iinkampani zekhamera kunye nabathengi bazo kufuneka balawule ukuthengiswa kweekhamera kunye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe.
Emva koko i-sCMOS yeza, iqala ngokuthembisa umhlaba-kwaye emva kweminyaka eli-10 iphantse yawuzisa. Iiphikseli ezincinci zifumana abantu ii-microns eziyi-6.5 ababezithanda kwiinjongo ezingama-60x kwaye zonke zinengxolo esezantsi yokufunda malunga ne-electron ye-1.5. Ngoku le yayingeyo-EMCCD ncam, kodwa ngokuchasene nee-electron ezi-6 ze-CCD tech ethelekisayo ngelo xesha yayimangalisa.
Ii-sCMOS zokuqala zazisakhanyisiwe ngaphambili. Kodwa ngo-2016 umva wakhanyisa i-sCMOS yafika, kwaye ukuyenza ibonakale inovelwano ngakumbi kwiinguqulelo ezikhanyisiweyo zangaphambili yayineepikseli ze-11-micron. Ngokunyuswa kwe-QE kunye nobukhulu be-pixel ukwanda, abathengi baziva ngathi bane-advanteji ye-3.5 x.
Ekugqibeleni, ngo-2021 i-sub-electron read ingxolo yaphulwa ezinye iikhamera zaya kutsho phantsi njenge-electrons eziyi-0.25 - yayiphelile kwi-EMCCD.
Okanye ngaba...
Ewe, intwana yengxaki iseyisayizi yepixel. Kwakhona unokwenza into oyifunayo ngokukhanya kodwa kwinkqubo efanayo, i-pixel ye-4.6-micron iqokelela i-12 x ukukhanya okungaphantsi kune-16-micron enye.
Ngoku ungafaka umgqomo, kodwa khumbula ukubambana nge-CMOS eqhelekileyo yonyusa ingxolo ngomsebenzi we-binning factor. Ke abantu abaninzi bonwabile ngee-pixels zabo eziyi-6.5-micron becinga ukuba bangakwazi ukubopha indlela yabo kubuntununtunu, kodwa bayiphinda kabini ingxolo yabo yokufunda kwii-electron ezi-3.
Nokuba ingxolo inokuncitshiswa, ubungakanani be-pixel, kwaye igcwele kakuhle kulo mbandela, iselulungelelwano lokuqokelelwa komqondiso wokwenyani.
Enye into kukuzuza kunye nomahluko-ukuba neengwevu ezininzi kunye nokunqunqa isiginali yakho encinci kunika umahluko ongcono. Unokuba nengxolo efanayo kodwa xa ubonisa iigreyi ezi-2 kuphela kwi-electron nganye eneCMOS awufumani nto ingako yokudlala xa unee-electron ezi-5 zomqondiso.
Ekugqibeleni, kuthekani ngokuvala? Ngamanye amaxesha ndicinga ukuba siyalibala ukuba esi sixhobo sasinamandla kangakanani kwi-EMCCD: ii-shutters zehlabathi zinceda ngokwenene kwaye zilula kakhulu kwaye zisebenza kakuhle, ngakumbi kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zamacandelo amaninzi.
Ikhamera ye-sCMOS kuphela endiyibonileyo isondele ngakumbi kwi-512 x 512 inzwa ye-EMCCD yi-Aries 16. Oku kuqala ngeepikseli ze-16-micron kwaye ihambisa ii-electron ze-0.8 zengxolo yokufunda ngaphandle kwesidingo somgqomo. Ngemiqondiso engaphezulu kwe-5 yeefotoni (nge-pixel ye-16-micron), ndicinga ukuba yeyona nto ingcono endakha ndayibona kwaye malunga nesiqingatha sexabiso.
Ke ngaba i-EMCCD ifile? Hayi, kwaye ayisayi kufa ngenene de sifumane into entle ngolo hlobo kwakhona. Ingxaki kukuba, zonke iingxaki: ingxolo egqithisileyo, ukuguga, ukulawula ukuthumela ngaphandle ...
Ukuba iteknoloji ye-EMCCD ibiyinqwelomoya, ibiya kuba yiConcord. Wonke umntu owayeyibhabha wayeyithanda, kodwa mhlawumbi babengayidingi kwaye ngoku enezihlalo ezinkulu kunye neebhedi ezicaba – lala nje ezo yure zi-3 ezongezelelweyo ukuwela iAtlantiki.
I-EMCCD, ngokungafaniyo ne-Concord, isaphila kuba abanye abantu-inani elincinci, elihlala lihla- basalidinga. Okanye mhlawumbi bacinga ukuba bayayenza?
Ukusebenzisa i-EMCCD, eyona teknoloji ibiza kakhulu kwaye intsonkothileyo esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ayikwenzi ukhethekileyo, okanye ingcali yomfanekiso - wenza into eyahlukileyo. Kwaye ukuba awuzange uzame ukutshintsha, ngoko kufuneka utshintshe.
