25/08/12Nangona iikhamera zemibala zilawula imarike yekhamera yabathengi, iikhamera ze-monochrome zixhaphake kakhulu kwimifanekiso yesayensi.
Izivamvo zekhamera azikwazi ngokwendalo ukubona umbala, okanye ubude bokukhanya obuqokelelayo. Ukuphumeza umfanekiso wombala kufuna inani lokuthomalalisa kubuntununtunu kunye nesampulu yendawo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokujonga umfanekiso, njenge-pathology, i-histology okanye uhlolo oluthile lwemizi-mveliso, ulwazi lombala lubalulekile, ngoko ke iikhamera zenzululwazi ngemibala ziseyinto eqhelekileyo.
Eli nqaku liphonononga ukuba yeyiphi imibala yeekhamera zesayensi, indlela esebenza ngayo, amandla abo kunye nokunciphisa, kwaye apho bagqithisa khona abalingane babo be-monochrome kwizicelo zesayensi.
Yintoni Iikhamera zezeNzululwazi ngoMbala?
Ikhamera yenzululwazi yombala sisixhobo sokucinga esikhethekileyo esithatha ulwazi lombala we-RGB ngokuthembeka okuphezulu, ukuchaneka, kunye nokungaguquguquki. Ngokungafaniyo neekhamera zombala womgangatho wabathengi ezibeka phambili umtsalane wokubonwayo, iikhamera zemibala yesayensi zenzelwe ukulinganisa ubungakanani apho ukuchaneka kombala, umgca wenzwa, kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo lubalulekile.
Ezi khamera zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizicelo ezifana ne-brightfield microscopy, i-histology, uhlalutyo lwezixhobo, kunye nemisebenzi yombono womatshini apho ukutolika okubonakalayo okanye ukuhlelwa kombala kubalulekile. Uninzi lweekhamera zesayensi zemibala zisekwe kwi-CMOS okanye kwi-sCMOS sensors, eyilelwe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno eziqatha zophando lwezenzululwazi kunye neshishini.
Ukujonga nzulu kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokucinga, hlola ukhetho lwethu lokusebenza okuphezuluikhamera yenzululwaziiimodeli ezakhelwe izicelo zobungcali.
Ukuphumelela Umbala: Isihluzo seBayer
Ngokwesiqhelo, ukubonwa kombala kwiikhamera kufezekiswa ngendlela efanayo nokuveliswa kombala kwiimonitha kunye nezikrini: ngokudityaniswa kweepikseli ezikufutshane ezibomvu, eziluhlaza kunye nebhlowu zibe 'zii-superpixels' ezinombala ogcweleyo. Xa iitshaneli ze-R, G kunye no-B zonke zikwixabiso lazo eliphezulu, i-pixel emhlophe ibonakala.
Njengoko iikhamera ze-silicon zingakwazi ukubona ubude be-wavelength yeefoton ezingenayo, ukwahlukana kwejelo ngalinye le-R, G okanye i-B kufuneka liphunyezwe ngokucoca.
Kwiipikseli ezibomvu, isihluzi somntu sibekwe ngaphezulu kwepikseli ukuvimba onke amaza obude kodwa lawo akwindawo ebomvu yespectrum, ngokunjalo noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza. Nangona kunjalo, ukufikelela kwithayili yesikweri kwimilinganiselo emibini nangona itshaneli yemibala emithathu, i-superpixel yenziwa ukusuka kwelinye elibomvu, elinye eliluhlaza kunye neepikseli ezimbini eziluhlaza, njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mfanekiso.
Uyilo lokucoca iBayer yeekhamera ezinemibala
PHAWULA: Uyilo lwezihluzi zemibala ezongeziweyo kwiipikseli zombala ngamnye kwiikhamera ezinemibala kusetyenziswa ubeko lokucoca i-Bayer, kusetyenziswa isikwere esiphindaphindiweyo seeyunithi ezi-4 zepikseli eziGreen, eziBomvu, eziBlue, eziGreen. Umyalelo ngaphakathi kweyunithi ye-4-pixel inokwahluka.
Iiphikseli eziluhlaza zibekwe phambili zombini ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwemithombo yokukhanya (ukusuka elangeni ukuya kwii-LED ezimhlophe) zibonisa ubunzulu bazo kwindawo eluhlaza yembonakalo, kwaye ngenxa yokuba izithonjana zokukhanya (ukusuka kwi-silicon-based sensors zekhamera ukuya emehlweni ethu) zihlala ziphezulu kuvakalelo kuluhlaza.
Xa kuziwa kuhlalutyo lomfanekiso kunye nokuboniswa, nangona kunjalo, imifanekiso ayidli ngokunikezelwa kumsebenzisi ngeepixels nganye ibonisa kuphela ixabiso layo elingu-R, G okanye u-B. Ixabiso le-RGB elinezitishi ezi-3 lenzelwe i-pixel nganye yekhamera, ngokudibanisa amaxabiso eepixels ezikufutshane, kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-'debayering'.
Umzekelo, ipikseli nganye ebomvu iyakuvelisa ixabiso eliluhlaza, nokuba lisuka kumndilili weepikseli ezine eziluhlaza ezikufutshane, okanye ngenye i-algorithm, kwaye ngokunjalo kwiipikseli ezine eziluhlaza ezikufutshane.
IiPros and Cons of Color
IiPros
● Unokuyibona ngombala! Umbala udlulisa ulwazi oluxabisekileyo olwandisa ukutolika komntu, ngakumbi xa kuhlalutywa iisampulu zebhayoloji okanye eziphathekayo.
● Kulula kakhulu ukubamba imifanekiso enemibala ye-RGB xa kuthelekiswa nokuthatha imifanekiso elandelelanayo ye-R, G, kunye no-B usebenzisa ikhamera ye-monochrome.
Ububi
● Ubuzaza beekhamera ezinemibala buncitshiswe kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nezabo zemonochrome, kuxhomekeke kubude bobude. Kwindawo ebomvu nebhlowu yespectrum, ngenxa yesihluzo esinye kuphela kwezine zephikseli ezidlula la maza obude, ingqokelela yokukhanya ikwi-25% yekhamera elinganayo ye-monochrome kula maza obude. Ngombala oluhlaza, i-factor yi-50%. Ukongeza, akukho sihluzo sigqibeleleyo: ukuhanjiswa kwencopho kuya kuba ngaphantsi kwe-100%, kwaye kunokuba sezantsi kakhulu kuxhomekeke kubude obuchanekileyo.
● Ukusonjululwa kweenkcukacha zezohlwayo kukwaba mandundu ngakumbi, njengoko imilinganiselo yesampulu ithotywa ngezi meko zifanayo (ukuya kutsho kuma-25% kwi-R, B nakwi-50% kwi-G). Kwimeko yeepikseli ezibomvu, ezinepixel enye kuphela kwezi-4 ezithatha ukukhanya okubomvu, ubungakanani bepixel obusebenzayo bokubala isisombululo bubukhulu obuphindwe kabini kumyinge ngamnye.
● Iikhamera ezinemibala nazo zibandakanya isihluzo se-infrared (IR). Oku kungenxa yokukwazi kweekhamera ze-silicon ukubona amaza amaza e-IR angabonakaliyo kwiliso lomntu, ukusuka kwi-700nm ukuya malunga ne-1100nm. Ukuba oku kukhanya kwe-IR kwakungahluzwanga, kuya kuchaphazela ukulingana okumhlophe, okubangela ukuveliswa kombala okungachanekanga, kwaye umfanekiso oveliswayo awuyi kuhambelana noko kubonwa ngamehlo. Ke, oku kukhanya kwe-IR kufuneka kuhluzwe ngaphandle, okuthetha ukuba iikhamera zombala azinakusetyenziselwa usetyenziso lwemifanekiso, ezisebenzisa obu bude bamaza.
Zisebenza Njani Iikhamera Zemibala?
Umzekelo wombala oqhelekileyo wekhamera ye-quantum ijiko elisebenzayo
PHAWULA: Ukuxhomekeka kweWavelength kubuchule bobungakanani obuboniswe ngokwahlukeneyo kwiipikseli ezinefifa ebomvu, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kunye neluhlaza. Kwakhona kubonisiwe ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum yenzwa efanayo ngaphandle kohluzo lombala. Ukongezwa kwezihluzi zemibala kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum.
Undoqo wekhamera yemibala yesayensi yinzwa yomfanekiso wayo, ngokuqhelekileyo aIkhamera yeCMOS or Ikhamera ye-sCMOS(CMOS yenzululwazi), ixhotyiswe ngesihluzo seBayer. Ukuhamba komsebenzi ukusuka ekuthathweni kwefoton ukuya kwimveliso yomfanekiso kubandakanya amanyathelo abalulekileyo:
1. Ukufunyanwa kweFotoni: Ukukhanya kungena kwilensi kwaye kubetha inzwa. Ipixel nganye inovakalelo kubude obuthile obusekwe kwisihluzo sombala esisiphetheyo.
2. Ukuguqulwa kwentlawulo: Iifotoni zivelisa intlawulo yombane kwifotodiode ngaphantsi kwepikseli nganye.
3. Ukufunda kunye noKwandiswa: Iintlawulo ziguqulelwa kwi-voltages, zifundeke kumqolo ngomqolo, kwaye zifakwe kwidijithali ngabaguquli be-analog-to-digital.
4. Ukwakhiwa kwakhona koMbala: Ikhamera ye-onboard processor okanye isofthiwe yangaphandle idibanisa umfanekiso ogcwele umbala ukusuka kwidatha ehluziweyo usebenzisa i-demosaicing algorithms.
5. Ukulungiswa koMfanekiso: Amanyathelo okuthunyelwa emva kokulungiswa kwebala le-flat-field, ibhalansi emhlophe, kunye nokunciphisa ingxolo isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa ngokuchanekileyo, umphumo othembekileyo.
Ukusebenza kwekhamera yombala kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwi-teknoloji ye-sensor yayo. Izinzwa zekhamera zanamhlanje ze-CMOS zibonelela ngamaxabiso efreyim ekhawulezayo kunye nengxolo ephantsi, ngelixa izinzwa ze-sCMOS zenzelwe ubuntununtunu bokukhanya okuphantsi kunye noluhlu oluguquguqukayo olubanzi, lubalulekile kumsebenzi wesayensi. Ezi zinto zisisiseko zibeka inqanaba lokuthelekisa umbala kunye neekhamera ze-monochrome.
Iikhamera zoMbala vs. Iikhamera zeMonochrome: Iiyantlukwano eziphambili
Ukuthelekisa phakathi kombala kunye nemifanekiso yekhamera ye-monochrome yomsebenzi ophantsi wokukhanya
PHAWULA: Umfanekiso weFluorescent onobude obubomvu obufunyenwe yikhamera yombala (ekhohlo) kunye nekhamera ye-monochrome (ekunene), kunye nezinye iinkcukacha zekhamera zihlala zifana. Umfanekiso wombala ubonisa umlinganiselo ophantsi kakhulu wesignali ukuya kwingxolo kunye nesisombululo.
Ngelixa zombini umbala kunye neekhamera ze-monochrome zabelana ngezinto ezininzi, ukungafani kwazo ekusebenzeni kunye namatyala okusebenzisa kubalulekile. Nalu uthelekiso olukhawulezayo:
| Uphawu | Ikhamera yombala | Ikhamera yeMonochrome |
| Uhlobo Lwenzwa | I-CMOS/sCMOS ehluzwe yiBayer | I-CMOS/sCMOS engahluzwanga |
| Ubuthathaka bokukhanya | Ngasezantsi (ngenxa yezihluzi zemibala ezithintela ukukhanya) | Phezulu (akukho kukhanya kulahleke kwizihluzo) |
| ISigqibo soMhlaba | Isisombululo esisebenzayo esisezantsi (idemosacing) | Isisombululo esipheleleyo semveli |
| Izicelo ezifanelekileyo | I-Brightfield microscopy, i-histology, ukuhlolwa kwezinto | I-Fluorescence, umfanekiso ophantsi wokukhanya, imilinganiselo echanekileyo ephezulu |
| Idatha yoMbala | Ibamba ulwazi olupheleleyo lweRGB | Ibamba igreyscale kuphela |
Ngamafutshane, iikhamera zemibala zingcono xa umbala ubalulekile ukutolika okanye ukuhlalutya, ngelixa iikhamera ze-monochrome zilungele uvakalelo kunye nokuchaneka.
Apho Iikhamera zeMbala ze-Excel kwizicelo zeNzululwazi
Naphezu kokuthintelwa kwazo, iikhamera zemibala zigqwesa kwiindawo ezininzi ezikhethekileyo apho ukwahlukana kombala kungundoqo. Apha ngezantsi kukho imizekelo embalwa apho akhazimla khona:
IiSayensi zoBomi kunye neMikroskopu
Iikhamera zemibala ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwi-brightfield microscopy, ngakumbi kuhlalutyo lwe-histological. Iindlela zokungcolisa ezifana ne-H&E okanye iGram staining zivelisa umahluko osekelwe kumbala onokutolikwa kuphela ngomfanekiso weRGB. Iilebhu zezemfundo kunye namasebe ezifundo zezifo nawo axhomekeke kwiikhamera ezinemibala ukuba zifake imifanekiso ekhoyo yesampulu zebhayoloji ukuze kufundiswe okanye kusetyenziswe uxilongo.
ISayensi yeZizinto kunye noHlalutyo loMphezulu
Kuphando lwezixhobo, umfanekiso wombala ubalulekile ekuchongeni i-corrosion, i-oxidation, i-coatings, kunye nemida yezinto. Iikhamera ezinemibala zinceda ekuboneni umahluko ongephi kumphezulu womphezulu okanye iziphene ezinokuphoswa ngumfanekiso wemonochrome. Ngokomzekelo, ukuvavanya izixhobo ezidibeneyo okanye iibhodi zeesekethe eziprintiweyo zihlala zifuna ukumelwa kombala ochanekileyo.
Umbono woomatshini kunye nokuzenzekela
Kwiinkqubo zokuhlola ezizenzekelayo, iikhamera ezinemibala zisetyenziselwa ukuhlenga-hlengiswa kwento, ukubhaqa isiphene, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kophawu. Bavumela i-algorithms yombono womatshini ukuba uhlele iinxalenye okanye iimveliso ezisekelwe kwiimpawu zemibala, ukuphucula ukuchaneka okuzenzekelayo kwimveliso.
Imfundo, amaXwebhu, kunye nokufikelela eluntwini
Amaziko enzululwazi ahlala efuna imifanekiso enemibala ekumgangatho ophezulu kupapasho, izindululo zezibonelelo, kunye nokufikelela eluntwini. Umfanekiso wombala ubonelela ngokubonakalayo ngakumbi kunye nokubandakanya ukumelwa okubonakalayo kwedatha yesayensi, ngakumbi kunxibelelwano lwezifundo ezahlukeneyo okanye ukubandakanya uluntu.
Iingcamango Zokugqibela
Iikhamera zenzululwazi ezinemibala zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela yokusebenza yemifanekiso yanamhlanje apho ukwahlukana kwemibala kubalulekile. Ngelixa zisenokungahambelani neekhamera ze-monochrome kubuntununtunu okanye kwisisombululo esikrwada, ukukwazi kwabo ukuhambisa imifanekiso yendalo, etolikayo kubenza babaluleke kakhulu kwiinkalo ukusuka kwisayensi yobomi ukuya kuhlolo lwemizi-mveliso.
Xa ukhetha phakathi kombala kunye ne-monochrome, qwalasela iinjongo zakho zokucinga. Ukuba isicelo sakho sifuna ukusebenza kokukhanya okuphantsi, ubuntununtunu obuphezulu, okanye ukuchongwa kwe-fluorescence, ikhamera yenzululwazi ye-monochrome inokuba lolona khetho lwakho. Kodwa kumfanekiso oqaqambileyo, uhlalutyo lwezinto, okanye nawuphi na umsebenzi obandakanya ulwazi olunemibala, isisombululo sombala sinokuba sifanelekileyo.
Ukuphonononga iinkqubo zokucinga ngemibala eziphucukileyo zophando lwezenzululwazi, jonga uluhlu lwethu olupheleleyo lweekhamera zeCMOS ezisebenza kakhulu kunye neemodeli ze-sCMOS ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zakho.
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