25/08/01I-Electron-Multiplying CCD sensor yi-evolution ye-CCD yoluvo ukuvumela ukusebenza kokukhanya okuphantsi. Ngokuqhelekileyo zenzelwe imiqondiso yamakhulu ambalwa ee-photoelectrons, ukuya kutsho kwinqanaba lokubala lephoton.
Eli nqaku lichaza ukuba zeziphi iisenso ze-EMCCD, zisebenza njani, iingenelo kunye nokungonakali kwazo, kwaye kutheni zijongwa njengenguquko elandelayo yetekhnoloji yeCCD kwimifanekiso yokukhanya okuphantsi.
Yintoni i-EMCCD Sensor?
Isivamvo se-Electron-Multiplying Charge-Coupled Device (EMCCD) luhlobo olukhethekileyo lwe-CCD yoluvo olwandisa imiqondiso ebuthathaka phambi kokuba ifundwe, ivumela ubuntununtunu obuphezulu ngokugqithisileyo kwiindawo ezinokukhanya okuphantsi.
Ekuqaleni iphuhliselwe izicelo ezifana ne-astronomy kunye ne-microscope ephezulu, ii-EMCCDs ziyakwazi ukubona iifotoni enye, umsebenzi apho abenzi boluvo beCCD bendabuko bayasokola. Obu buchule bokubona iifotoni zomntu ngamnye zenza ukuba ii-EMCCDs zibaluleke kakhulu kumasimi afuna umfanekiso ochanekileyo phantsi kwamanqanaba okukhanya aphantsi kakhulu.
Zisebenza njani iiSensors ze-EMCCD?
Ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokufunda, abenzi boluvo be-EMCCD basebenza kwimigaqo efanayo ne-CCD. Nangona kunjalo, phambi komlinganiselo nge-ADC, iintlawulo ezichongiweyo ziphindaphindwa ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi- impactionization, 'kwirejista yophindaphindo lwe-electron'. Ngaphezulu koluhlu lwamanyathelo angamakhulu aliqela, iintlawulo ezivela kwi-pixel zihanjiswa kunye nothotho lweepikseli ezigqunyiweyo kumbane ophezulu. I-electron nganye kwinqanaba ngalinye linethuba lokuzisa ii-electron ezongezelelweyo. Umqondiso ke ngoko uphindaphindwe ngokukhawuleza.
Isiphumo sokugqibela se-EMCCD elinganiswe kakuhle kukukwazi ukukhetha umyinge ochanekileyo wokuphindaphinda okuphakathi, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga nama-300 ukuya kuma-400 kumsebenzi wokukhanya okuphantsi. Oku kwenza ukuba imiqondiso ichongiwe ukuba iphindaphindwe phezulu kakhulu kunengxolo efundwayo yekhamera, oko kunciphisa ingxolo yokufunda yekhamera. Ngelishwa, imeko yestochastic yale nkqubo yophindaphindo ithetha ukuba ipixel nganye iphinda-phindwe ngesixa esahlukileyo, esizisa into eyongezelelweyo yengxolo, ukunciphisa i-EMCCD's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Nantsi indlela esebenza ngayo i-EMCCD sensors. Kude kube yiNyathelo lesi-6, inkqubo iyafana ngokusebenzayo naleyo yabenzi boluvo beCCD.
Umzobo: Inkqubo yokufunda ye-EMCCD sensor
Ekupheleni kokuvezwa kwazo, abenzi boluvo be-EMCCD baqala bahambisa ngokukhawuleza iintlawulo eziqokelelweyo ukuya kuluhlu olugqunyiweyo lweepikseli ezinobukhulu obufanayo noluhlu olunovakalelo olukhanyayo (ukudluliselwa kwesakhelo). Emva koko, umqolo omnye ngexesha, iintlawulo zihanjiswa kwirejista yokufunda. Ikholamu enye ngexesha, iintlawulo ezikwirejista yokufunda zigqithiselwa kwirejista yophindaphindo. Kwinqanaba ngalinye lale rejista (ukuya kwizigaba ze-1000 kwiikhamera ze-EMCCD zangempela), yonke i-electron inethuba elincinci lokukhulula i-electron eyongezelelweyo, iphinda iphinde ibonise umqondiso. Ekugqibeleni, uphawu oluphindiweyo luyafundwa.
1. Ukucinywa kwentlawulo: Ukuqala ukufunyanwa, intlawulo iyacinywa ngaxeshanye kuyo yonke inzwa (i-shutter yeglobal).
2. Ukuqokelelwa kwentlawulo: Intlawulo iqokelelana ngexesha lokuba sesichengeni.
3. Ugcino lwentlawulo: Emva kokuvezwa, iintlawulo eziqokelelweyo zisiwa kwindawo egqunyiweyo yenzwa, apho zinokulinda ukufundwa ngaphandle kweefotoni ezintsha ezichongiweyo zibaliwe. Le yinkqubo 'yoKugqithiselwa kweSakhelo'.
4. Ukuvezwa kwesakhelo esilandelayo: Ngemirhumo echongiweyo egcinwe kwiipikseli ezigqunyiweyo, iipikseli ezisebenzayo zinokuqala ukuvezwa kwesakhelo esilandelayo (imowudi yokugqithelana).
5. Inkqubo yokufunda: Umqolo omnye ngexesha, iintlawulo zomqolo ngamnye wesakhelo esigqityiweyo zisiwa 'kwirejista yokufunda'.
6. Ikholamu enye ngexesha, iintlawulo ezivela kwipixel nganye ziyavalelwa kwindawo yokufunda.
7. Uphinda-phindo lweElektroni: Okulandelayo, zonke iintlawuliso ze-electron ezisuka kwi-pixel zingena kwirejista yophindaphindo lwe-electron, kwaye uhambe ngenyathelo ngenyathelo, uphinda-phinda ngenani ngokukhawuleza kwinqanaba ngalinye.
8. Dundela ngaphandle: Isignali ephindaphindwayo ifundwa yi-ADC, kwaye inkqubo iphinda iphindwe kuze kube yilapho yonke isakhelo sifundwa.
IiPros and Cons of EMCCD Sensors
IiPros ze-EMCCD Sensors
| Inzuzo | Inkcazo |
| Ukubala kweeFotoni | Ichonga ii-photoelectrons ezizimeleyo ezinengxolo ephantsi kakhulu yokufunda (<0.2e⁻), eyenza ubuntununtunu befoton enye. |
| Uvakalelo-Ukukhanya okuPhantsi kakhulu | Ingcono kakhulu kuneCCDs zemveli, ngamanye amaxesha ukodlula iikhamera ze-sCMOS ezikumgangatho ophantsi kakhulu. |
| Phantsi Kumnyama Ngoku | Ukupholisa okunzulu kunciphisa ingxolo yobushushu, kuvumela imifanekiso ecocekileyo ngexesha lokutyhileka okude. |
| 'Isiqingatha sehlabathi' Isitshixo | Ugqithiso lwesakhelo luvumela utyhileko olukufutshane nehlabathi ngokutshintsha kwentlawulo ekhawulezileyo (~1 microsecond). |
● Ukubala kweeFotoni: Ngokuphindaphinda kwe-electron ephezulu ngokwaneleyo, ingxolo efundwayo inokupheliswa ngokubonakalayo (<0.2e-). Oku, ecaleni kwexabiso eliphezulu lokuzuza kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwe-quantum, kuthetha ukuba ukwahlula ii-photoelectrons ngabanye kunokwenzeka.
● Uvakalelo lokuKhanya okuPhantsi kakhulu: Xa kuthelekiswa neeCCDs, ukusebenza kokukhanya okuphantsi kwee-EMCCDs kungcono kakhulu. Kusenokubakho usetyenziso apho i-EMCCD ibonelela ngesakhono esingcono sokubona kunye nokwahlukileyo kune-sCMOS ephezulu kweyona migangatho isezantsi yokukhanya.
● Ubumnyama Obuphantsi Ngoku: NjengeeCCDs, ii-EMCCDs ziphole nzulu kwaye ziyakwazi ukunikezela ngexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu elimnyama.
● 'Isiqingatha sehlabathi' Isivala: Inkqubo yodluliselo lwesakhelo ukuqalisa kunye nokuphelisa ukuvezwa ayiyonyani ngaxeshanye, kodwa ithatha iodolo ye-1 microsecond.
Iingxaki ze-EMCCD Sensors
| Ukusilela | Inkcazo |
| Isantya esilinganiselweyo | Ezona ntlawulo zesakhelo (~30 fps kwiMP e-1) zicotha kakhulu kuneeCMOS zangoku. |
| Isandi Sokukhulisa Ingxolo | Ubume bokuphindaphinda kwe-electron kwazisa ingxolo egqithisileyo, ukunciphisa i-SNR. |
| Intlawulo eyenziwe ngewotshi (CIC) | Intshukumo yokubiza ngokukhawuleza inokwazisa imiqondiso yobuxoki eyandiswa. |
| Uluhlu oluNcitshisiweyo lweDynamic | Ukuzuza okuphezulu kunciphisa umqondiso ophezulu we-sensor onokuwubamba ngaphambi kokuhlutha. |
| Ubungakanani bePixel enkulu | Ubungakanani bepixel obuqhelekileyo (13–16 μm) busenokungahambelani neemfuno ezininzi zenkqubo yokukhanya. |
| Imfuneko yokupholisa ngokuNzima | Ukupholisa okunzulu okuzinzileyo kuyafuneka ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuphindaphinda okungaguqukiyo kunye nengxolo ephantsi. |
| Iimfuno zokuCalibration | Ukuzuza kwe-EM kuyehla ngokuhamba kwexesha (ukuphindaphinda ukubola), kufuna ukulinganisa rhoqo. |
| Ukungazinzi koMtyhilelo oMfutshane | Utyhileko olufutshane kakhulu lunokubangela ukukhulisa umqondiso ongalindelekanga kunye nengxolo. |
| Iindleko eziphezulu | Imveliso entsonkothileyo kunye nokupholisa okunzulu kwenza ezi zivamvo zibiza kakhulu kune-sCMOS. |
| Ubomi obulinganiselweyo | Irejista yokuphindaphinda i-electron iyaphela, ngokuqhelekileyo ihlala iminyaka emi-5-10. |
| Thumela imingeni | Ngokuxhomekeke kwimimiselo engqongqo ngenxa yezicelo ezinokuthi zibekho emkhosini. |
● Isantya esilinganiselweyo: Ii-EMCCD ezikhawulezayo zibonelela malunga ne-30 fps kwi-MP e-1, efana ne-CCDs, ii-odolo zobukhulu zicotha kuneekhamera ze-CMOS.
● Intshayelelo Yengxolo: 'Ingxolo egqithisileyo' ebangelwa kukuphindaphindwa kwe-electron engaqhelekanga, xa kuthelekiswa nekhamera ye-sCMOS enengxolo ephantsi efanayo, inokunika ii-EMCCDs ingxolo ephezulu ngokuxhomekeke kumanqanaba omqondiso. I-SNR ye-sCMOS ephezulu iqhelekile kwimiqondiso ejikeleze i-3e-, nangakumbi kwiimpawu eziphezulu.
● Intlawulo eyenziwe ngewotshi (CIC): Ngaphandle kokuba ilawulwe ngononophelo, ukuhamba kweentlawulo kwi-sensor kunokwazisa ii-electron ezongezelelweyo kwiipikseli. Le ngxolo iphinda-phindwe ngerejista yophindaphindo lwe-electron. Izantya eziphezulu zentshukumo yentlawulo (amaxabiso ewotshi) akhokelela kumazinga aphezulu esakhelo, kodwa ngaphezulu kweCIC.
● Uluhlu oluNcitshiswayo oluNcitshiswayo: Amaxabiso e-electron aphezulu kakhulu afunekayo ukoyisa i-EMCCD yokufunda ingxolo ikhokelela kuluhlu oluncitshisiweyo oluguqukayo.
● Ubungakanani bePixel Enkulu: Ubungakanani bepixel buncinci obuqhelekileyo beekhamera ze-EMCCD yi-10 μm, kodwa i-13 okanye i-16 μm ixhaphake kakhulu. Oku kukhulu kakhulu ukuhambelana neemfuno zesisombululo seenkqubo ezininzi.
● IiMfuno zoLungiso: Inkqubo yophinda-phindo ye-electron yonakalisa irejista ye-EM ngokusetyenziswa, inciphisa isakhono sayo sokuphindaphinda kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba 'yi-electron yophindaphinda ukubola'. Oku kuthetha ukuba inzuzo yekhamera ihlala iguquka, kwaye ikhamera ifuna ukulungelelaniswa rhoqo ukwenza nayiphi na i-imaging yobuninzi.
● Ukutyhileka okungangqinelaniyo ngamaxesha amafutshane: Xa usebenzisa amaxesha amafutshane kakhulu okuvezwa, iikhamera ze-EMCCD zinokuvelisa iziphumo ezingahambelaniyo kuba isiginali ebuthathaka yonganyelwa yingxolo, kwaye inkqubo yokukhulisa yazisa ukuguquguquka kwezibalo.
● Imfuneko Yokupholisa Kakhulu: Inkqubo yokuphindaphinda i-electron ifuthe kakhulu liqondo lokushisa. Ukupholisa i-sensor kwandisa ukuphindaphinda kwe-electron ekhoyo. Ke ngoko ukupholisa kwesivamvo esinzulu ngelixa ugcina uzinzo lweqondo lobushushu kubaluleke kakhulu kwimilinganiselo yokuveliswa kwe-EMCCD.
● Iindleko eziphezulu: Ubunzima bokwenziwa kwezi zinzwa zamacandelo amaninzi, zidibaniswe nokupholisa okunzulu, kukhokelela kumaxabiso aqhelekileyo aphezulu kuneyona khamera iphezulu ye-sCMOS sensor cameras.
● Ubomi obulinganiselweyo: Ukubola kokuphindaphinda kwe-Electron kubeka umda kwixesha lokuphila kwezi zinzwa ezibizayo ngokuqhelekileyo iminyaka emi-5-10, kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokusetyenziswa.
● Imingeni yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe: Ukungenisa kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-EMCCD zoluvo zithanda ukuba ngumngeni ngokwenkqubo ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwazo okunokwenzeka kwizicelo zomkhosi.
Kutheni i-EMCCD ingena ezihlangwini zeCCD
| Uphawu | CCD | I-EMCCD |
| Uvakalelo | Phezulu | Uphezulu kakhulu (ingakumbi ukukhanya okuphantsi) |
| Ingxolo yokufunda | Phakathi | Iphantsi kakhulu (ngenxa yenzuzo) |
| Uluhlu olunamandla | Phezulu | Phakathi (kulinganiselwe ngenzuzo) |
| Iindleko | Ngasezantsi | Phezulu |
| Ukupholisa | Ukhetho | Ngokuqhelekileyo ifuneka ukuze usebenze kakuhle |
| Sebenzisa Amatyala | Umfanekiso jikelele | Ukukhanya okuphantsi, ukufunyanwa kwefotoni enye |
Abenzi boluvo be-EMCCD bakhela kwitekhnoloji yeCCD yemveli ngokubandakanya inyathelo lokuphindaphinda i-electron. Oku kwandisa ukukwazi ukukhulisa imiqondiso ebuthathaka kunye nokunciphisa ingxolo, ukwenza ii-EMCCDs zibe lolona khetho lukhethwayo kwizicelo zemifanekiso yokukhanya okuphantsi kakhulu apho abenzi boluvo beCCD basilela.
Usetyenziso oluphambili lweeSensors ze-EMCCD
Abenzi boluvo be-EMCCD baqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiinkalo zenzululwazi kunye nezoshishino ezifuna ubuntununtunu obuphezulu kunye nokukwazi ukubona iimpawu ezibuthathaka:
● Umfanekiso Wenzululwazi Yobomig: Kusetyenziso olufana ne-molekyuli enye ye-fluorescence microscopy kunye netotali ye-interflection fluorescence yangaphakathi (TIRF) microscopy.
● Inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi: Isetyenziselwa ukubamba ukukhanya okufiphele kwiinkwenkwezi ezikude, iminyele, kunye nophando lwe-exoplanet.
● I-Quantum Optics: Ukuphononongwa kwefoton kunye novavanyo lolwazi lwe-quantum.
● IForensics kunye noKhuseleko: Baqeshwe ekucupheni ukukhanya okuphantsi kunye nokulandela uhlalutyo lobungqina.
● I-Spectroscopy: Kwi-Raman spectroscopy kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-fluorescence ephantsi.
Kufuneka ukhethe nini iSensor ye-EMCCD?
Ngokuphuculwa kwezinzwa ze-CMOS kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inzuzo yokufunda yengxolo yeenzwa ze-EMCCD yehlile njengoko ngoku neekhamera ze-sCMOS ziyakwazi ukufunda ingxolo ye-subelectron, ecaleni koluhlu olukhulu lwezinye izibonelelo. Ukuba isicelo besikhe sasebenzisa ii-EMCCDs ngaphambili, kufanelekile ukuphonononga ukuba lolona khetho lulungileyo lunikwe uphuhliso kwi-sCMOS.
Ngokwembali, ii-EMCCDs zisenokwenza ukubala kweefotoni ngempumelelo ngakumbi, ecaleni kwezinye izicelo ezimbalwa ze-niche ezinamanqanaba ophawu oluqhelekileyo olungaphantsi kwe-3-5e- ipixel nganye kwindawo ephezulu. Nangona kunjalo, ngeesayizi ezinkulu zepixel kunye ne-sub-electron yokufunda ingxolo efumanekayoiikhamera zenzululwaziNgokusekwe kubuchwephesha be-sCMOS, kunokwenzeka ukuba ezi zicelo nazo zinokwenziwa kungekudala nge-sCMOS ephezulu.
Ii-FAQs
Leliphi elona xesha lincinane lokuvezwa kwiikhamera zokuTshintshela isakhelo?
Kuwo onke abenzi boluvo bokudlulisa isakhelo, kubandakanywa ii-EMCCDs, umbuzo wexesha elincinci elinokwenzeka lokuvezwa unzima. Ngokufunyaniswa komfanekiso omnye, ukuvezwa kunokupheliswa ngokuxuba iintlawulo ezifunyenweyo kwindawo egqunyiweyo ukuze zifundwe ngokukhawuleza okukhulu, kwaye amafutshane (engaphantsi kwe-microsecond) ubuncinane amaxesha okuvezwa ayenzeka.
Nangona kunjalo, nje ukuba ikhamera idlala ngesantya esipheleleyo, ifumana iifreyimu ezininzi / imuvi ngesantya esipheleleyo sesakhelo, nje ukuba umfanekiso wokuqala ugqibe ukuveza, ummandla ogqunyiweyo uhlala kweso sakhelo de kugqitywe ukufunda. Ukuvezwa ke ngoko akunakuphela. Oku kuthetha ukuba, kungajongwanga ixesha lokuvezwa eliceliweyo kwisoftware, ixesha lokwenyani lokuvezwa kwezakhelo ezilandelayo emva kokuqala kwesantya esigcweleyo sokufunyanwa kweefreyimu ezininzi linikezelwa lixesha lesakhelo, okt 1 / Isantya seSakhelo, sekhamera.
Ngaba iTekhnoloji ye-sCMOS iTshintsha iiSensors ze-EMCCD?
Iikhamera ze-EMCCD zazineenkcukacha ezimbini eziye zanceda ukugcina inzuzo yazo kwiimeko zokucinga eziphantsi kakhulu (ezinamanqanaba aphezulu eempawu ze-5 photoelectrons okanye ngaphantsi). Okokuqala, iipixels zabo ezinkulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-16 μm, kwaye okwesibini zabo <1e- funda ingxolo.
Isizukulwana esitsha seIkhamera ye-sCMOSkuye kwavela ukuba kubonelele ngezi mpawu zifanayo, ngaphandle kokusilela okuninzi kwe-EMCCDs, ngakumbi eyona ngxolo igqithisileyo. Iikhamera ezifana nee-Aries 16 ezivela eTucsen zibonelela nge-16 μm ngasemva-ekhanyisiweyo ipixels ngengxolo efundwayo ye-0.8e-. Ngengxolo ephantsi kunye neepixels ezinkulu 'zendalo', ezi khamera zikwasebenza kakhulu ukodlula uninzi lweekhamera eziboshwe kwi-sCMOS, ngenxa yobudlelwane phakathi kwengxolo kunye nokufunda.
Ukuba ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi nge-EMCCD, nceda ucofe:
Ngaba i-EMCCD ingaTshintshwa kwaye ngaba singaze siyifune loo nto?
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Onke amalungelo agciniwe. Xa ucaphula, nceda wazise umthombo:www.tucsen.com
