25/08/05Ukusuka kwii-smartphones ukuya kwizixhobo zenzululwazi, izinzwa zemifanekiso zisentliziyweni yetekhnoloji yanamhlanje yokubona. Phakathi kwezi, izinzwa ze-CMOS ziye zangamandla amakhulu, zinika amandla yonke into ukusuka kwiifoto zemihla ngemihla ukuya kwi-microscope ephezulu kunye nokuhlolwa kwe-semiconductor.
'Itekhnoloji ye-'Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor' (i-CMOS) luyilo lwe-elektroniki kunye neseti yenkqubo yokwenziwa kweteknoloji ekusetyenziswa kwayo kubanzi ngokumangalisayo. Ewe, itekhnoloji yeCMOS kunokuthiwa ixhasa ixesha ledijithali langoku.
Yintoni iSensor yeCMOS?
I-CMOS image sensors (CIS) zisebenzisa iipixels ezisebenzayo, oku kuthetha ukusetyenziswa kweetransistors ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu kwipixel nganye yekhamera. Iiphikseli zeCCD kunye ne-EMCCD aziqulathanga transistors.
Iitransistors kwipixel nganye zenza ezi pixels 'zisebenzayo' zilawulwe, imiqondiso yandiswa ngeetransistors 'zesiphumo sendawo', kwaye idatha yazo ifikeleleke, zonke zihambelana. Endaweni yendlela enye yokufunda kwinzwa epheleleyo okanye iqhezu elibalulekileyo loluvo, aIkhamera yeCMOSibandakanya ubuncinane umqolo omnye opheleleyo we-readout ADCs, enye (okanye ngaphezulu) i-ADC kwikholamu nganye yoluvo. Nganye kwezi inokufunda ixabiso lekholamu yabo ngaxeshanye. Ngaphaya koko, ezi zinzwa 'zepixel ezisebenzayo' ziyahambelana nengqiqo yedijithali ye-CMOS, kwandisa ukusebenza koluvo olunokubakho.
Ngokudibeneyo, ezi mpawu zinika abenzi boluvo beCMOS isantya sabo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yoku kwanda kokuhambelana, ii-ADCs ngabanye ziyakwazi ukuthatha ixesha elide ukulinganisa iimpawu zazo ezichongiweyo ngokuchaneka ngakumbi. La maxesha amade okuguqula avumela ukusebenza kwengxolo ephantsi kakhulu, nokubalwa kwepixel ephezulu. Ndiyabulela kule nto, kunye nezinye izinto ezintsha, ingxolo efundwayo yee-sensors ze-CMOS idla ngokuba yi-5x - 10x ngaphantsi kwe-CCDs.
Iikhamera zale mihla zenzululwazi ze-CMOS (sCMOS) luhlobo oluthile lwe-CMOS oluyilelwe ingxolo ephantsi kunye nemifanekiso ekhawulezayo kwizicelo zophando.
Zisebenza njani iiSensors zeCMOS? (Kubandakanya iRolling vs Global Shutter)
Ukusebenza kwe-sensor ye-CMOS eqhelekileyo iboniswe kumzobo kwaye ichazwe ngezantsi. Qaphela ukuba ngenxa yomahluko wokusebenza ongezantsi, ixesha kunye nokusebenza kokuvezwa kuya kwahluka kwiikhamera ze-CMOS ze-global versus rolling shutter shutter.
Umzobo: Inkqubo yokufunda ye-CMOS sensor
PHAWULA: Inkqubo yokufunda yeekhamera ze-CMOS iyahluka phakathi kwekhamera ye-'rolling shutter' kunye ne-'global shutter', njengoko kuxoxiwe kwisicatshulwa. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ipikseli nganye ine-capacitor kunye neamplifier evelisa amandla ombane esekwe kwisibalo se-photoelectron efunyenweyo. Kumqolo ngamnye, ii-voltages zekholamu nganye zilinganiswa ngaxeshanye nge-analogue yekholomu kubaguquli bedijithali.
I-Rolling Shutter
1. Kwi-rolling shutter ye-CMOS sensor, ukuqala kumqolo ophezulu (okanye iziko leekhamera ze-splitsensor), cima intlawulo ukusuka kumqolo ukuqalisa ukuvezwa kwaloo mqolo.
2. Emva kokuba 'ixesha lomgca' liphelile (ngokuqhelekileyo i-5-20 μs), yiya kumqolo olandelayo kwaye uphinda ukusuka kwinyathelo loku-1, de i-sensor yonke iveze.
3. Kumqolo ngamnye, iintlawulo ziqokelelana ngexesha lokuvezwa, de loo mqolo ugqibe ixesha lawo lokuvezwa. Umqolo wokuqala oza kuqala uya kugqiba kuqala.
4. Emva kokuba i-exposure igqityiwe kumqolo, tshintshela iindleko kwi-readout capacitor kunye ne-amplifier.
5. I-voltage kwi-amplifier nganye kulo mqolo idityaniswe kwikholamu ye-ADC, kwaye umqondiso ulinganiswe kwi-pixel nganye kumqolo.
6. Umsebenzi wokufunda nokuseta ngokutsha kuya kuthatha 'ixesha lomgca' ukugqibezela, emva koko umqolo olandelayo ukuqala ukuba sesichengeni uya kube ufikelele esiphelweni sexesha lawo lokuba sesichengeni, kwaye inkqubo iphindwe ukusuka kwinyathelo lesi-4.
7. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba ukufunda kugqityiwe kumqolo ongaphezulu, ukubonelela umqolo ongezantsi uqalise ukuveza isakhelo sangoku, umqolo ophezulu unokuqalisa ukuvezwa kwesakhelo esilandelayo (imo edityanisiweyo). Ukuba ixesha lokuvezwa lifutshane kunexesha lesakhelo, umqolo ongentla kufuneka ulinde umqolo osezantsi uqalise ukutyhileka. Olona tyhileko lufutshane lunokwenzeka ngokuqhelekileyo lixesha lomgca omnye.
Ikhamera ye-CMOS ye-Tucsen ye-FL 26BW epholileyo, ebonisa i-Sony IMX533 sensor, isebenzisa obu buchwephesha bokuvala i-rolling.
Isivalo sehlabathi
1. Ukuqala ukufunyanwa, intlawulo iyacinywa ngaxeshanye kwi-sensor yonke (ukusetha ngokutsha kwepixel kakuhle).
2. Intlawulo iyanda ngexesha lokuba sesichengeni.
3. Ekupheleni kokuba sesichengeni, iintlawuliso eziqokelelweyo zisiwa kwiqula eligqunyiweyo ngaphakathi kwepixel nganye, apho zinokulinda ukufunda ngaphandle kokubalwa kweefotoni ezintsha. Ezinye iikhamera zihambisa iintlawulo kwi-pixel capacitor kweli nqanaba.
4. Ngemirhumo echongiweyo egcinwe kwindawo efihliweyo yepikseli nganye, indawo esebenzayo yepikseli inokuqalisa ukuvezwa kwesakhelo esilandelayo (imowudi ye-overlap).
5. Inkqubo yokufunda ukusuka kwindawo efihliweyo iqhubela phambili njenge-rolling shutter sensors: Umqolo omnye ngexesha, ukusuka phezulu kwi-sensor, iintlawulo zidluliswa ukusuka kwi-mask efihliweyo ukuya kwi-capacitor yokufunda kunye ne-amplifier.
6. I-voltage kwi-amplifier nganye kulo mqolo iqhagamshelwe kwikholamu ye-ADC, kwaye umqondiso ulinganiswe kwi-pixel nganye kumqolo.
7. Umsebenzi wokufunda nokusetha ngokutsha kuya kuthatha 'ixesha lomgca' ukugqiba, apho inkqubo iya kuphinda kumqolo olandelayo ukusuka kwinyathelo lesi-5.
8. Emva kokuba yonke imiqolo ifundwe, ikhamera ilungele ukufunda isakhelo esilandelayo, kwaye inkqubo inokuphinda iphindwe ukusuka kwisinyathelo sesi-2, okanye inyathelo lesi-3 ukuba ixesha lokuvezwa sele lidlulile.
Ikhamera yeTucsen yeLibra 3412M Mono sCMOSisebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-shutter yehlabathi, eyenza ukuba kubanjwe ngokucacileyo nangokukhawuleza kweesampuli ezihambayo.
IiPros and Cons of CMOS Sensors
IiPros
● Izantya eziphezulu: Abenzi boluvo be-CMOS baqhelekile kwi-1 ukuya kwi-2 imiyalelo yobukhulu ngokukhawuleza kwi-throughput yedatha kune-CCD okanye i-EMCCD zoluvo.
● Abenzi boluvo abakhulu: Ukuhanjiswa kwedatha okukhawulezileyo kwenza ukubalwa kweepixel eziphezulu kunye nemimandla emikhulu yokujonga, ukuya kuthi ga kumashumi okanye amakhulu eemegapixel.
● Ingxolo ephantsi: Abanye abenzi boluvo be-CMOS banokufunda ingxolo ephantsi njenge-0.25e-, i-EMCCDs ekhuphisanayo ngaphandle kokufuna ukuphindaphinda kwentlawulo okongeza imithombo yengxolo eyongezelelweyo.
● Ubungakanani bepixel ububhetyebhetye: Abathengi kunye neesensonsi zekhamera ye-smartphone baqhuba ubungakanani be-pixel ukuya kwi- ~ 1 μm uluhlu, kunye neekhamera zesayensi ukuya kwi-11 μm ngobukhulu be-pixel ziqhelekileyo, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-16 μm ziyafumaneka.
● Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi: Iimfuno zamandla aphantsi kwiikhamera ze-CMOS zivumela ukuba zisetyenziswe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo zesayensi kunye nezoshishino.
● Ixabiso nobomi: Iikhamera ze-CMOS eziphantsi ngokuqhelekileyo zifana okanye ziphantsi kweendleko kwiikhamera zeCCD, kwaye iikhamera ze-CMOS eziphezulu ziphantsi kakhulu kwindleko kuneekhamera ze-EMCCD. Ubomi babo obulindelekileyo benkonzo kufuneka bube ngaphezulu kakhulu kwekhamera ye-EMCCD.
Ububi
● Isivalo esiqengqelekayo: Uninzi lweekhamera ze-CMOS zenzululwazi zine-shutter ejikelezayo, enokuthi yongeze ubunzima ekuqhutyweni komsebenzi wokulinga okanye ukukhupha ezinye izicelo.
● I-curren emnyama ephezulut: Uninzi lweekhamera ze-CMOS zineekhamera ezimnyama eziphezulu kakhulu kune-CCD kunye ne-EMCCD sensors, ngamanye amaxesha zizisa ingxolo ebalulekileyo kwi-exposures emide (> 1 isekhondi).
Apho iiSensors zeCMOS zisetyenziswa namhlanje
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo, izinzwa zeCMOS zifumaneka kuluhlu oluninzi lwezicelo:
● Consumer Electronics: Smartphones, webcams, DSLRs, action cams.
● IiNzululwazi ngoBomi: Amandla abenzi boluvo beCMOSiikhamera zemicroscopeisetyenziswe kumfanekiso we-fluorescence kunye nokuxilongwa kwezonyango.
● Inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi: Iiteleskopu kunye nezixhobo zokujonga indawo zihlala zisebenzisa i-CMOS yesayensi (sCMOS) kwisisombululo esiphezulu kunye nengxolo ephantsi.
● Ukuhlolwa kwemizi-mveliso: Ukuhlolwa okuzenzekelayo (AOI), iirobhothi, kunyeiikhamera zokuhlola i-semiconductorthembele kwi-sensors ze-CMOS ngesantya kunye nokuchaneka.
● Iimoto: IiNkqubo zoNcedo loMqhubi oPhezulu (i-ADAS), ukujonga ngasemva kunye neekhamera zokupaka.
● Ukubek'esweni & noKhuseleko: Iinkqubo zokubona ukukhanya okuphantsi kunye nentshukumo.
Isantya sabo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kwenza i-CMOS ibe sisisombululo sokusetyenziswa korhwebo oluphezulu kunye nomsebenzi okhethekileyo wesayensi.
Kutheni iCMOS ngoku inguMgangatho wangoku
Ukutshintsha ukusuka kuCCD ukuya kwiCMOS akuzange kwenzeke ngobusuku nje obunye, kodwa bekunyanzelekile. Nasi isizathu sokuba i-CMOS ngoku ililitye lembombo kushishino lokucinga:
● Inzuzo Yokuvelisa: Yakhelwe kwimigca yokwenziwa kwe-semiconductor esemgangathweni, ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokuphucula i-scalability.
● Iinzuzo Zokusebenza: Iinketho zokuqengqeleka kunye ne-shutter yehlabathi, ukuphuculwa kobuntununtunu bokukhanya okuphantsi, kunye namazinga aphezulu efreyim.
● Udibaniso & nobukrelekrele: Izinzwa zeCMOS ngoku zixhasa ukusetyenzwa kwe-AI kwi-chip, i-edge computing, kunye nohlalutyo lwexesha lokwenyani.
● Utshintsho: Iindidi zoluvo ezivelayo njenge-CMOS egciniweyo, izinzwa zemifanekiso yequanta, kunye nezinzwa ezigobileyo zakhelwe kumaqonga eCMOS.
Ukusuka kwii-smartphones ukuyaiikhamera zenzululwazi, iCMOS ibonakalise ukuba iyaguquguquka, inamandla, kwaye ilungele ikamva.
Ukuqukumbela
Izinzwa ze-CMOS ziye zavela kumgangatho wale mihla woninzi lwezicelo zokucinga, ngenxa yebhalansi yazo yokusebenza, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye neendleko. Nokuba kubanjwa iinkumbulo zemihla ngemihla okanye ukwenza uhlalutyo olukhawulezayo lwezenzululwazi, itekhnoloji yeCMOS ibonelela ngesiseko sehlabathi elibonakalayo lanamhlanje.
Njengoko izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-CMOS ye-shutter yehlabathi kunye ne-sCMOS iqhubeka nokwandisa ubuchule betekhnoloji, ukongamela kwayo kumiselwe ukuqhubeka iminyaka ezayo.
Ii-FAQs
Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwesivalo esiqengqelekayo kunye nesivalo sehlabathi jikelele?
Isivalo esiqengqelekayo sifunda umgca wedatha yomfanekiso ngomgca, nto leyo enokubangela izinto zakudala ezishukumayo (umzekelo, i-skew okanye i-wobble) xa ubamba izifundo ezihamba ngokukhawuleza.
Isivalo sehlabathi sibamba isakhelo sonke ngaxeshanye, sisusa ukugqwetheka kwintshukumo. Ifanelekile kwizicelo zomfanekiso okwisantya esiphezulu njengombono womatshini kunye nemifuniselo yenzululwazi.
Yintoni i-Rolling Shutter ye-CMOS iMowudi yokuThintelana?
Kwiikhamera ezivalayo zeCMOS, kwimowudi edityanisiweyo, ukuvezwa kwesakhelo esilandelayo kunokuqalisa ngaphambi kokuba esi sangoku sigqitywe ngokupheleleyo, sivumela iireyithi eziphezulu zesakhelo. Oku kunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba ukuvezwa komqolo ngamnye kunye nokufunda kuyahluzwa ngexesha.
Le ndlela iluncedo kwizicelo apho ubuninzi besakhelo sesantya kunye nogqithiso lubaluleke kakhulu, njengokuhlolwa kwesantya esiphezulu okanye ukulandelela ixesha lokwenyani. Nangona kunjalo, inokunyusa kancinane ubunzima bexesha kunye nongqamaniso.
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Onke amalungelo agciniwe. Xa ucaphula, nceda wazise umthombo:www.tucsen.com
