25/08/20Lapho uhlola ikhamera yesayensi, ukucaciswa kobuchwepheshe kungaba namandla kakhulu - usayizi wephikseli, ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum, ububanzi obuguqukayo, nokuningi. Phakathi kwalezi zici, ukujula kancane kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi lungakanani ulwazi ikhamera yakho engaluthwebula nokuthi iyimelela ngokwethembeka kangakanani imininingwane emihle.
Emfanekisweni wesayensi, lapho ukuhluka okucashile ekukhanyeni kungamela idatha ebalulekile, ukuqonda ukujula kancane akuyona inketho — kubalulekile.
Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi kuyini ukujula okuncane, ukuthi kuyithinta kanjani ikhwalithi yesithombe, indima yaso ekunembeni kwedatha, nokuthi ungakhetha kanjani ukujula kwebhithi okulungile kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza.
Ukujula Kwebhithi: Isibalo Esiphezulu Seleveli Empunga Ku-Pixel Yesithombe
Lapho usebenza ngekhamera yesayensi, ukujula kancane kuchaza ukuthi mangakhi amanani ahlukile wephikseli ngayinye engawaqopha. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba emfanekisweni wesayensi, inani lephikseli ngalinye lingase lihambisane ngokuqondile nenani elilinganisiwe, njengesibalo se-photon noma amandla e-fluorescence.
Ukujula kancane kubonisa inani 'lamabhithi' edatha kanambambili yedijithali esetshenziswa iphikseli ngalinye ukuze kugcinwe amanani okuqina, lapho amabhithi angu-8 akha ibhayithi elilodwa. Inani eliphakeme leleveli empunga linikezwa:
Amazinga aphezulu ampunga = 2^(Ukujula kancane)
Ngokwesibonelo:
● 8-bit = 256 amazinga
● 12-bit = 4,096 amazinga
● 16-bit = 65,536 amazinga
Amaleveli ampunga engeziwe avumela ukuhleleka kokukhanya okucolisekileyo kanye nokumelwa okunembe kakhudlwana komehluko ocashile, okungaba bucayi lapho kukalwa amasignali afiphele noma kwenziwa ukuhlaziya komthamo.
Ukujula nokushesha kancane
Ukwenyusa ukujula kancane kusho ukuthi iziguquli ze-analogue-to-digital (ADCs) kumele zikhiphe amabhithi engeziwe ngesilinganiso ngasinye. Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga ukuthi behlise izilinganiso zabo ngomzuzwana - okungukuthi, behlise izinga lozimele wekhamera.
Ngenxa yalokhu, abaningiamakhamera esayensinikeza izindlela ezimbili zokuthola:
● Imodi yokujula okuphezulu - Lokhu ngokuvamile kunikeza ububanzi obuguquguqukayo obuphezulu. Ibeka phambili ukulungiswa kwethoni kanye nobubanzi obuguqukayo bezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-fluorescence microscopy noma i-spectroscopy.
● Imodi yesivinini esikhulu - Lokhu kunciphisa ukujula kancane ukuze kuhambisane nezilinganiso zozimele ezisheshayo, ezibalulekile ezenzakalweni ezisheshayo ekufanekisweni kwesivinini esikhulu.
Ukwazi lokhu kuhwebelana kukusiza ukuthi ukhethe imodi ehambisana nemigomo yakho yokucabanga — ukunemba uma kuqhathaniswa nokulungiswa kwesikhashana.
Ukujula kancane kanye nobubanzi obuguqukayo
Kuvamile ukudida ukujula kancane nobubanzi obuguquguqukayo, kodwa azifani. Ukujula kwebhithi kuchaza inani lamaleveli okukhanya okungenzeka kube khona, kuyilapho ububanzi obuguquguqukayo buchaza isilinganiso phakathi kwamasignali abonakala afiphele kakhulu futhi akhanya kakhulu.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalokhu kokubili buncike ezintweni ezengeziwe ezifana nezilungiselelo zokuzuza kwekhamera nomsindo wokufunda. Eqinisweni, ububanzi obuguquguqukayo bungavezwa “ngamabhithi asebenzayo,” okusho ukuthi ukusebenza komsindo kungase kunciphise inani lamabhithi anikela kudatha yesithombe esisebenzisekayo.
Ekukhetheni ikhamera, lokhu kusho ukuthi kufanele uhlole kokubili ukujula nobubanzi obuguqukayo ndawonye kunokuba ucabange ukuthi enye ichaza enye ngokugcwele.
Amabhayithi okugcinwa kwedatha adingekayo ngohlaka lwekhamera ngayinye (ngaphandle kokucindezelwa) angabalwa njengalokhu:
Ukugcinwa kwedatha
Ukwengeza, amanye amafomethi wefayela - njenge-TIFF - gcina idatha ye-9- kuya ku-16-bit ngaphakathi kwe-"wrapper" engu-16-bit. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma ngabe isithombe sakho sisebenzisa amabhithi ayi-12 kuphela, isigxivizo sendawo yokubeka singafana nesithombe esigcwele se-16-bit.
Kumalebhu aphethe amasethi edatha amakhulu, lokhu kunemiphumela engokoqobo: izithombe ezijule kakhulu zidinga isikhala sediski esengeziwe, izikhathi ezinde zokudlulisa, namandla ekhompuyutha engeziwe okucubungula. Ukulinganisa izidingo zokunemba namandla okuphatha idatha kubalulekile ukuze kusebenze kahle.
Ukujula Kancane Kuyithinta Kanjani Ikhwalithi Yesithombe
Umfanekiso: Izibonelo zokujula kancane
QAPHELA: Umfanekiso womqondo wokujula kancane. Ukunciphisa ukujula kwebhithi kunciphisa inani lezinyathelo zokuqina ezingasetshenziswa ukubonisa isithombe.
Ukujula kancane kunomthelela oqondile ezicini ezimbalwa zekhwalithi yesithombe kukhamera yesayensi.
I-Dynamic Range
Ukujula kwebhithi ephakeme kuthwebula amaleveli okukhanya engeziwe, kulondoloze imininingwane ethunzini nasekubekwe obala.
Isibonelo, ku-microscopy ye-fluorescence, izici ezifiphele zingase zingabonakali esithombeni esingu-8-bit kodwa zihluke kakhulu ekuthwebuleni okungu-16-bit.
Iziqu zethoni ezibushelelezi
Ukujula kwebhithi ephakeme kuvumela ukuguquka okushelelayo phakathi kwamazinga okukhanya, kugweme "ukuhlanganisa" kuma-gradient. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni inani, lapho ukweqa okungazelelwe kungahlanekezela imiphumela.
Ukumelelwa kweSiginali-kuya-Noise (SNR)
Nakuba ukujula kancane kungakhulisi ngokuqondile i-SNR yenzwa, kunika amandla ikhamera ukuthi imele ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuhluka kwesignali okucashile ngaphezu komsindo.
Uma i-SNR yenzwa iphansi kunokulungiswa okunikezwa ukujula kancane, lezo zingcezu ezengeziwe zingase zinganikeleli kukhwalithi yangempela yesithombe — into okufanele uyikhumbule.
Isibonelo:
●8-bit isithombe: Izithunzi ziyahlangana, izici ezifiphele ziyashabalala, futhi izinguquko ezicashile ziyalahleka.
●Isithombe se-16-bit: Izigaba ziyaqhubeka, izakhiwo ezibuthakathaka ziyagcinwa, futhi izilinganiso zobuningi zithembeke kakhulu.
Ukujula Kancane Nokunemba Kwedatha Emfanekisweni Wesayensi
Emfanekisweni wesayensi, isithombe akusona nje isithombe — siyidatha. Inani lephikseli ngalinye lingahambisana nenani elilinganisekayo, njengesibalo se-photon, amandla e-fluorescence, noma amandla e-spectral.
Ukujula okuphezulu kakhulu kunciphisa iphutha le-quantization - iphutha lokusondeza elenzeka lapho isignali ye-analog ifakwe kudijithali ibe amazinga ahlukene. Ngamaleveli engeziwe atholakalayo, inani ledijithali elinikezwe iphikseli lifana kakhulu nesiginali ye-analogi yangempela.
Kungani lokhu kubalulekile
● Kumakroskopu e-fluorescence, umehluko oyisinyathelo esisodwa ekukhanyeni ungase umele ushintsho olubonakalayo ekugxilweni kwamaprotheni.
● Kusayensi yezinkanyezi, amasignali amancane avela ezinkanyezini ezikude noma emithalani ekude angalahleka uma ukujula kuphansi kakhulu.
● Ku-spectroscopy, ukujula okuphezulu kakhulu kuqinisekisa izilinganiso ezinembe kakhudlwana zokumunca noma imigqa yokukhipha.
Ikhamera ye-sCMOS enokukhipha okungu-16-bit ingaqopha umehluko ocashile obungeke ubonakale kusistimu yokujula kancane, ikwenze kubaluleke ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukunemba komthamo.
Udinga Ukujula Kancane Kangakanani?
Izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zidinga womabili amaleveli esiginali aphezulu kanye nobubanzi obuguquguqukayo obuphezulu, lapho ukujula kwebhithi ephezulu (14-bit, 16-bit noma ngaphezulu) kungaba yinzuzo.
Ngokujwayelekile ngesithombe sokukhanya okuphansi, nokho, ukujula okuncane okutholakalayo kuzohlinzeka ngokuqina kokugcwala okuphezulu kakhulu kunalokho okuzofinyelelwa ezimweni eziningi. Ikakhulukazi kumakhamera we-16-bit, ngaphandle uma inzuzo iphezulu kakhulu, uhla olugcwele lwe-16-bit akuvamile ukuba ludingeke.
Amakhamera anesivinini esiphezulu noma amamodi ekhamera angaba yi-8-bit, okunganciphisa kakhulu, nakuba izivinini eziphakeme izindlela ze-8-bit ezingavumela ngokuvamile zenza ukuhwebelana kube nenzuzo. Abakhiqizi bekhamera bangakhuphula ukuguquguquka kwezindlela ze-8-bit ukuze babhekane namazinga esignali ajwayelekile wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukene zezithombe ngokusebenzisa izilungiselelo ezishintshayo zenzuzo.
Ukukhetha Ukujula Kwebhithi Okulungile Kohlelo lwakho lokusebenza
Nasi ireferensi esheshayo yokufanisa ukujula kancane nezimo ezivamile zokucabanga zesayensi:
| Isicelo | Ukujula Kwebhithi Okunconyiwe | Isizathu |
| I-Fluorescence Microscopy | 16-bit | Thola amasignali afiphele kanye nomehluko wokuqina ocashile |
| I-Astronomy Imaging | 14-16-bit | Thatha ububanzi obuguquguqukayo obuphezulu ezimeni zokukhanya okuphansi |
| Ukuhlolwa Kwezimboni | 12-14-bit | Thola amaphutha amancane ngokucacile |
| Imibhalo Ejwayelekile | 8-bit | Yanele ngezinjongo ezingezona zobuningi |
| I-Spectroscopy | 16-bit | Londoloza ukuhluka okuhle kudatha ye-spectral |
Ukuhwebelana:
●Ukujula kwebhithi ephakeme= ukulungiswa okungcono kwethoni nokunemba, kodwa amafayela amakhulu nezikhathi zokucubungula ezinde.
●Ukujula kancane kancane= ukutholwa okusheshayo namafayela amancane, kodwa ingozi yokulahlekelwa imininingwane ecashile.
Ukujula Kancane vs Okunye Ukucaciswa Kwekhamera
Nakuba ukujula kancane kubalulekile, kuyingxenye eyodwa kuphela yendida lapho ukhetha ikhamera yesayensi.
Uhlobo Lwezinzwa (CCD vs CMOS vs sCMOS)
● Izakhiwo zezinzwa ezihlukene zinomsindo wokufunda ohlukahlukene, ububanzi obuguqukayo, nokusebenza kahle kwe-quantum. Isibonelo, inzwa yokujula okuphezulu enekhono eliphansi le-quantum isengaba nzima ezithombeni ezinokukhanya okuphansi.
I-Quantum Efficiency (QE)
● I-QE ichaza ukuthi inzwa iwaguqula kahle kangakanani amafothoni abe ama-electron. I-QE ephezulu ibalulekile ekuthwebuleni amasiginali abuthakathaka, futhi uma ibhangqwe nokujula okwanele, ikhulisa ukunemba kwedatha.
I-Dynamic Range
● Ububanzi bekhamera obushintshashintshayo bunquma ubude phakathi kwamasignali amancane kakhulu nakhanya kakhulu engawathwebula kanyekanye. Ububanzi obuguquguqukayo obuphakeme buzuzisa kakhulu uma bufaniswa nokujula okukwazi ukumela lawo mazinga okukhanya.
Qaphela:
Ukujula kwebhithi ephakeme ngeke kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yesithombe uma eminye imikhawulo yesistimu (njengomsindo noma i-optics) iyimigoqo yangempela.
Isibonelo, ikhamera ye-8-bit enomsindo ophansi kakhulu ingadlula isistimu ye-16-bit enomsindo kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Isiphetho
Emfanekisweni wesayensi, ukujula kancane kungaphezu kokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe — kuyisici esibalulekile ekuthwebuleni idatha enembile, ethembekile.
Kusukela ekutholeni izakhiwo ezifiphele ngemicroscope kuya ekurekhodeni imithala ekude kusayensi yezinkanyezi, ukujula kwebhithi elilungile kuqinisekisa ukuthi ikhamera yakho yesayensi igcina imininingwane nezikali ucwaningo lwakho oluncike kuzo.
Uma ukhetha ikhamera:
1. Qondanisa ukujula kancane nezidingo zokunemba zohlelo lwakho lokusebenza.
2. Kucabangele kanye nezinye izici ezibalulekile ezifana nokusebenza kahle kwe-quantum, umsindo, nobubanzi obuguqukayo.
3. Khumbula ukuthi ukujula okuphezulu kakhulu kubaluleke kakhulu uma isistimu yakho ingakusiza.
Uma ufuna iIkhamera ye-CMOS orIkhamera ye-sCMOSyakhelwe ukuthwebula izithombe zesayensi ezijule kakhulu, hlola uhla lwethu lwamamodeli aklanyelwe ukunemba, ukwethembeka, nokunemba kwedatha.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Imuphi umehluko osebenzayo phakathi kwe-12-bit, 14-bit, kanye ne-16-bit ekufanekisweni kwesayensi?
Ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukweqa ukusuka ku-12-bit (amaleveli angu-4,096) kuya ku-14-bit (amaleveli angu-16,384) bese kuya ku-16-bit (amaleveli angu-65,536) kuvumela ukubandlulula okuqhubeka kancane kancane phakathi kwamanani okukhanya.
● I-12-bit yanele ezinhlelweni eziningi zezimboni kanye nemibhalo lapho ukukhanya kulawulwa kahle.
● I-14-bit inikeza ibhalansi enhle yokunemba nosayizi wefayela olawulekayo, olungele ukugeleza komsebenzi okuningi kwelabhorethri.
● I-16-bit idlula ukukhanya okuphansi, kuzimo zobubanzi obuguquguqukayo obuphezulu njenge-fluorescence microscopy noma i-astronomical imaging, lapho ikhono lokurekhoda amasignali alula ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa imininingwane ekhanyayo libalulekile.
Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi umsindo wenzwa yekhamera nobubanzi obuguqukayo kufanele kube kuhle ngokwanele ukuze kusetshenziswe lezo zinyathelo zethoni ezengeziwe - ngaphandle kwalokho, izinzuzo zingase zingatholakali.
Ingabe ukujula okuphezulu kwebhithi kuhlala kubangela izithombe ezingcono?
Hhayi ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ukujula kancane kunquma ukulungiswa kwethoni okungaba khona, kodwa ikhwalithi yangempela yesithombe incike kwezinye izici, ezihlanganisa:
● Ukuzwela kwenzwa (ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum)
● Umsindo wokufunda
● Ikhwalithi ye-Optics
● Ukuzinza kokukhanya
Isibonelo, ikhamera ye-CMOS yomsindo ophezulu engu-16-bit ingase ingathathi imininingwane elusizo kunekhamera ye-12-bit sCMOS enomsindo ophansi ezimeni ezithile. Ngamanye amazwi, ukujula kwebhithi ephakeme kunenzuzo kakhulu uma kubhangqwe nesistimu yokuthwebula elungiselelwe kahle.
Ngingakwazi ukuthatha isampula esithombeni esijule kakhulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa idatha ebalulekile?
Yebo - eqinisweni, lokhu kuwumkhuba ovamile. Ukuthwebula ngokujula okuphezulu kakhulu kukunikeza ukuguquguquka kokucubungula kwangemuva nokuhlaziywa kobuningi. Kamuva ungakwazi ukwenza isampula ibe yi-8-bit ukuze usethulwe noma ubeke kungobo yomlando, ugcine imiphumela yokuhlaziya ngaphandle kokugcina idathasethi egcwele. Vele uqiniseke ukuthi amafayela angempela ajule kancane agcinwe ndawana thize uma ukuhlaziya kabusha kungase kudingeke.
Iyiphi indima edlalwa ukujula kancane ezilinganisweni zesayensi zobuningi?
Emfanekisweni womthamo, ukujula kancane kuthonya ngokuqondile ukuthi amanani ephikseli amelela ngokunembe kangakanani ukuqina kwesignali yomhlaba wangempela. Lokhu kubalulekile ku-:
● I-Microscopy - Ukulinganisa ukushuba kwe-fluorescence kuyashintsha ezingeni lamaselula.
● I-Spectroscopy – Ithola amashifu acashile emigqeni yokumunca/yokukhipha.
● I-Astronomy – Irekhoda imithombo yokukhanya efiphele ngesikhathi sokuchayeka isikhathi eside.
Kulezi zimo, ukujula okuncane okwanele kungabangela amaphutha okusondeza noma ukusika isignali, okuholela ekutolikeni kwedatha okungalungile.
Ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe? Bheka izindatshana ezihlobene:
[I-Dynamic Range] - Yini i-Dynamic Range?
Ukusebenza Kwe-Quantum Kumakhamera Esayensi: Umhlahlandlela Wabaqalayo
I-Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Wonke amalungelo agodliwe. Uma ucaphuna, sicela wazise umthombo:www.tucsen.com
