25/08/12Nakuba amakhamera ombala ebusa imakethe yamakhamera abathengi, amakhamera e-monochrome avame kakhulu ekucabangeni kwesayensi.
Izinzwa zekhamera azikwazi ngokwemvelo ukubona umbala, noma ubude begagasi, bokukhanya ezikuqoqayo. Ukuzuza isithombe sombala kudinga ukuthophaza okuningi ekuzweleni nasekuthathweni kwesampula yendawo. Kodwa-ke, ekusetshenzisweni kwezithombe eziningi, njenge-pathology, i-histology noma ukuhlolwa okuthile kwezimboni, ulwazi lombala lubalulekile, ngakho-ke amakhamera esayensi yombala asavamile.
Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi ayini umbala wamakhamera wesayensi, ukuthi asebenza kanjani, amandla awo kanye nemikhawulo yawo, nokuthi adlula kuphi ozakwabo be-monochrome ezinhlelweni zesayensi.
Ayini Amakhamera Anemibala Yesayensi?
Ikhamera yesayensi yombala iyisisetshenziswa esikhethekile sokuthwebula esithwebula ulwazi lombala we-RGB ngokwethembeka okuphezulu, ukunemba, nokungaguquguquki. Ngokungafani namakhamera ombala webanga lomthengi abeka phambili ukukhanga okubonakalayo, amakhamera ombala wesayensi aklanyelwe ukuthwebula isithombe lapho ukunemba kombala, ukuhambisana kwenzwa, nobubanzi obuguqukayo kubalulekile.
Lawa makhamera asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezifana ne-brightfield microscopy, histology, analysis material, kanye nemisebenzi yokubona komshini lapho ukutolika okubonakalayo noma ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe kumbala kubalulekile. Amakhamera amaningi esayensi anombala asekelwe kuzinzwa ze-CMOS noma ze-sCMOS, eziklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezinzima zocwaningo lwesayensi nolwezimboni.
Ukuze uthole ukubheka okujulile kumasistimu ezithombe ahlukene, hlola ukukhetha kwethu ukusebenza okuphezuluikhamera yesayensiamamodeli akhelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe.
Umbala Wokuzuza: Isihlungi se-Bayer
Ngokuvamile, ukutholwa kombala kumakhamera kufinyelelwa ngezindlela ezifanayo njengokukhiqizwa kabusha kombala kumamonitha nezikrini: ngenhlanganisela yamaphikseli aseduze abomvu, aluhlaza naluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka abe 'ama-superpixel' anombala ogcwele. Uma iziteshi ze-R, G no-B zonke zikuvelu yazo ephezulu, kubonakala iphikseli emhlophe.
Njengoba amakhamera e-silicon engakwazi ukubona ubude begagasi bama-photon angenayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwesiteshi se-wavelength ngasinye esingu-R, G noma u-B kufanele kufinyelelwe ngokuhlunga.
Ngamaphikseli abomvu, isihlungi ngasinye sibekwa phezu kwephikseli ukuze kuvinjwe wonke amaza obude kodwa lawo ayingxenye ebomvu ye-spectrum, ngokufanayo nakuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokuluhlaza. Nokho, ukuze kuzuzwe ukuthayela okuyisikwele ngobukhulu obubili naphezu kokuba namashaneli amathathu ombala, i-superpixel yakheka ngephikseli elilodwa elibomvu, elilodwa eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namabili aluhlaza, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni.
Isakhiwo sesihlungi se-Bayer samakhamera ombala
QAPHELA: Isakhiwo sezihlungi zombala ezingezwe kumaphikseli angawodwana amakhamera anombala kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwesihlungi se-Bayer, kusetshenziswa amayunithi angamaphikiseli angu-4 ayisikwele aphindaphindiwe amaphikiseli Aluhlaza, Abomvu, Aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, Aluhlaza. Uku-oda ngaphakathi kweyunithi yamaphikiseli angu-4 kungahluka.
Amaphikseli aluhlaza abekwa phambili kokubili ngenxa yokuthi iningi lemithombo yokukhanya (kusuka elangeni kuya kuma-LED amhlophe) ibonisa ukushuba kwayo okuphezulu engxenyeni eluhlaza ye-spectrum, nangenxa yokuthi izitholi zokukhanya (kusuka kuzinzwa zekhamera ezisekelwe ku-silicon ukuya emehlweni ethu) ngokuvamile ziba nokuzwela kokuluhlaza.
Uma kuziwa ekuhlaziyweni nasekubonisweni kwesithombe, nokho, izithombe azivamile ukulethwa kumsebenzisi ezinamaphikseli ngayinye ebonisa kuphela inani layo elingu-R, G noma B. Inani le-RGB leziteshi ezi-3 lenziwa kuwo wonke amaphikseli ekhamera, ngokufaka phakathi amanani amaphikseli aseduze, ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi 'i-debayering'.
Isibonelo, iphikseli ngalinye elibomvu lizokhiqiza inani eliluhlaza, kusukela esilinganisweni samaphikseli amane aseduze aluhlaza, noma ngokusebenzisa enye i-algorithm, futhi ngokufanayo nasemaphikseli amane aluhlaza aseduze.
Izinzuzo Nezingozi Zombala
Izinzuzo
● Ungayibona ngombala! Umbala udlulisa ulwazi olubalulekile oluthuthukisa ukuchazwa komuntu, ikakhulukazi lapho uhlaziya amasampula ezinto eziphilayo noma ezibonakalayo.
● Kulula kakhulu ukuthwebula izithombe ezinemibala ye-RGB uma uqhathanisa nokuthatha izithombe ezilandelanayo ze-R, G, no-B usebenzisa ikhamera ye-monochrome.
Ububi
● Ukuzwela kwamakhamera anombala kwehliswe kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo be-monochrome, kuye ngobude begagasi. Engxenyeni ebomvu neluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ye-spectrum, ngenxa yesihlungi sephikseli esisodwa kuphela kwezine esidlula lawa maza wamaza, iqoqo lokukhanya okungenani lilingana no-25% lekhamera ye-monochrome efanayo kulawa maza wamaza. Ngokuluhlaza, isici singama-50%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, asikho isihlungi esingenasici: ukudluliswa okuphezulu kuzoba ngaphansi kuka-100%, futhi kungase kube phansi kakhulu kuye ngobude obuqondile begagasi.
● Ukunqunywa kwemininingwane yenhlawulo nakho kuba kubi kakhulu, njengoba amanani amasampula ehliswa yilezi zici ezifanayo (ama-25% ku-R, B kanye nama-50% ku-G). Endabeni yamaphikseli abomvu, anephikseli elingu-1 kuphela kwangu-4 athwebula ukukhanya okubomvu, usayizi wephikseli osebenzayo wokubala ukulungiswa ngu-2x mkhulu kuhlangothi ngalunye.
● Amakhamera anemibala nawo afaka phakathi isihlungi se-infrared (IR). Lokhu kungenxa yekhono lamakhamera e-silicon okuthola amaza amaza e-IR angabonakali ngeso lomuntu, ukusuka ku-700nm kuya cishe ku-1100nm. Uma lokhu kukhanya kwe-IR bekungahlungwa, bekuzothinta ibhalansi emhlophe, kubangele ukukhiqizwa kombala okungalungile, futhi isithombe esikhiqiziwe besingeke sifane nalokho okubonwa ngeso. Ngakho-ke, lokhu kukhanya kwe-IR kumele kuhlungwe, okusho ukuthi amakhamera ombala awakwazi ukusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthwebula izithombe, asebenzisa lawa maza wamaza.
Asebenza Kanjani Amakhamera Anemibala?
Isibonelo sekhevu ye-quantum yekhamera yombala evamile
QAPHELA: Ukuncika kwe-Wavelength ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-quantum kuboniswa ngokuhlukile kumaphikseli ngesihlungi esibomvu, esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nesiluhlaza. Okuphinde kuboniswe ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum kwenzwa efanayo ngaphandle kwezihlungi zombala. Ukwengezwa kwezihlungi zemibala kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum.
Ingqikithi yekhamera yombala yesayensi inzwa yayo yesithombe, ngokuvamile aIkhamera ye-CMOS or Ikhamera ye-sCMOS(i-scientific CMOS), ifakwe isihlungi se-Bayer. Ukugeleza komsebenzi kusuka ekuthathweni kwe-photon kuya ekukhishweni kwesithombe kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:
1. Ukutholwa Kwesithombe: Ukukhanya kungena kulensi bese kushaya inzwa. Iphikseli ngalinye liyazwela kubude begagasi obuthile ngokusekelwe kusihlungi sombala esisiphethe.
2. Ukuguqulwa Kweshaja: Amafothoni akhiqiza amandla kagesi ku-photodiode ngaphansi kwephikseli ngayinye.
3. Ukufunda Nokukhulisa: Izindleko ziguqulwa zibe ama-voltage, zifundwe umugqa ngomugqa, futhi zifakwe kudijithali iziguquli ze-analog-to-digital.
4. Ukwakhiwa Kabusha Kombala: Iphrosesa yekhamera yangaphakathi noma isofthiwe yangaphandle ihumusha isithombe esinombala ogcwele kusuka kudatha ehlungiwe kusetshenziswa ama-algorithms edemosaicing.
5. Ukulungiswa Kwesithombe: Izinyathelo zokucubungula ngemva kokucubungula ezifana nokulungiswa kwenkundla eyisicaba, ibhalansi emhlophe, nokunciphisa umsindo kuyasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe okukhiphayo okunembile, okuthembekile.
Ukusebenza kwekhamera yombala kuncike kakhulu kubuchwepheshe benzwa yayo. Izinzwa zekhamera ye-CMOS yesimanje zinikeza amanani ozimele asheshayo nomsindo ophansi, kuyilapho izinzwa ze-sCMOS zenzelwe ukuzwela kokukhanya okuphansi kanye nobubanzi obuguqukayo obubanzi, obubalulekile emsebenzini wesayensi. Lezi zisekelo zibeka inkundla yokuqhathanisa umbala namakhamera we-monochrome.
Amakhamera Ombala vs. Amakhamera e-Monochrome: Umehluko Obalulekile
Ukuqhathaniswa phakathi kombala nezithombe zekhamera ye-monochrome yomsebenzi wokukhanya okuphansi
QAPHELA: Isithombe se-fluorescent esinokukhishwa kwe-wavelength ebomvu sitholwe ikhamera yombala (kwesokunxele) kanye nekhamera ye-monochrome (kwesokudla), nokunye ukucaciswa kwekhamera okusalayo. Isithombe sombala sibonisa isilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu sesignali-kuya-noise kanye nokulungiswa.
Nakuba womabili amakhamera anombala nawe-monochrome abelana ngezinto eziningi, umehluko wawo ekusebenzeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwawo ubalulekile. Nasi isiqhathaniso esisheshayo:
| Isici | Ikhamera yombala | Ikhamera ye-Monochrome |
| Uhlobo lwenzwa | I-CMOS/sCMOS ehlungwe nge-Bayer | I-CMOS/sCMOS engahlungiwe |
| Ukuzwela Okukhanyayo | Ngaphansi (ngenxa yezihlungi zombala ezivimba ukukhanya) | Phezulu (akukho ukukhanya okulahlekile kuzihlungi) |
| Ukulungiswa Kwendawo | Ukulungiswa okusebenzayo okuphansi (i-demosaicing) | Ukulungiswa okugcwele komdabu |
| Izicelo Ezikahle | I-Brightfield microscopy, i-histology, ukuhlolwa kwezinto | I-Fluorescence, izithombe zokukhanya okuphansi, izilinganiso zokunemba okuphezulu |
| Idatha Yombala | Ithwebula ulwazi olugcwele lwe-RGB | Ithwebula indawo empunga kuphela |
Ngamafuphi, amakhamera anombala angcono kakhulu uma umbala ubalulekile ukuze uchazwe noma uhlaziywe, kuyilapho amakhamera e-monochrome elungele ukuzwela nokunemba.
Lapho Amakhamera Ombala e-Excel kuzinhlelo zokusebenza zesayensi
Naphezu kokulinganiselwa kwawo, amakhamera anemibala enza kahle kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi ezikhethekile lapho ukuhlukaniswa kombala kuyisihluthulelo. Ngezansi kunezibonelo ezimbalwa zalapho zikhanya khona:
I-Life Sciences kanye ne-Microscopy
Amakhamera ombala avame ukusetshenziswa ku-brightfield microscopy, ikakhulukazi ekuhlaziyweni kwe-histological. Amasu okufaka amabala afana ne-H&E noma i-Gram staining akhiqiza umehluko osuselwe kumbala ongahunyushwa kuphela ngesithombe se-RGB. Amalebhu ezemfundo neminyango ye-pathology iphinde ithembele kumakhamera anemibala ukuze athwebule izithombe ezingokoqobo zezibonelo zebhayoloji ukuze zisetshenziswe ukufundisa noma ukuxilonga.
Isayensi Yezinto Zokusebenza Nokuhlaziywa Kwendawo
Ocwaningweni lwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuthwebula imibala kubalulekile ekuhlonzeni ukugqwala, i-oxidation, okokumboza, kanye nemingcele yezinto ezibonakalayo. Amakhamera ombala asiza ekutholeni ukuhluka okucashile ekuqedeni kwendawo noma amaphutha okungenzeka aphuthelwe yisithombe se-monochrome. Isibonelo, ukuhlola izinto eziyinhlanganisela noma amabhodi esekethe aphrintiwe ngokuvamile kudinga ukumelwa okunembile kombala.
Umbono Womshini kanye Nokuzenzakalela
Kumasistimu okuhlola azenzakalelayo, amakhamera anombala asetshenziselwa ukuhlunga into, ukutholwa kokukhubazeka, nokuqinisekisa ukulebula. Ivumela ama-algorithms okubona komshini ukuthi ahlukanise izingxenye noma imikhiqizo ngokusekelwe kuzimpawu zombala, okuthuthukisa ukunemba kokuzenzakalela ekukhiqizeni.
Imfundo, Amadokhumenti, Nokufinyelela
Izikhungo zesayensi zivame ukudinga izithombe ezinemibala yekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze zishicilelwe, iziphakamiso zezibonelelo, kanye nokuxhumana nabantu. Isithombe esinemibala sinikeza ukumelwa okunembile nokubandakanyayo okubonakalayo kwedatha yesayensi, ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana kwezinhlaka ezihlukene noma ukubandakanya umphakathi.
Imicabango yokugcina
Amakhamera esayensi yombala asebenza indima ebalulekile ekuhambeni komsebenzi wesimanje wokuthwebula lapho ukuhlukaniswa kwemibala kubalulekile. Nakuba engase angafani namakhamera e-monochrome ekuzweleni noma ekulungisweni okungaphekiwe, ikhono lawo lokuletha izithombe zemvelo, ezitolikayo azenza zibaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni esukela kusayensi yempilo ukuya ekuhlolweni kwezimboni.
Uma ukhetha phakathi kombala ne-monochrome, cabangela imigomo yakho yokuthatha izithombe. Uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza ludinga ukusebenza kokukhanya okuphansi, ukuzwela okuphezulu, noma ukutholwa kwe-fluorescence, ikhamera yesayensi ye-monochrome ingaba inketho yakho engcono kakhulu. Kodwa ngesithombe senkundla ekhanyayo, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, noma yimuphi umsebenzi ohlanganisa ulwazi olunemibala, isixazululo sombala singase sibe sifanelekile.
Ukuze uhlole amasistimu wokuthwebula ngemibala athuthukisiwe ocwaningo lwesayensi, phequlula uhlu lwethu olugcwele lwamakhamera e-CMOS asebenza kahle kakhulu namamodeli e-sCMOS enzelwe izidingo zakho.
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