25/08/05Kusukela kuma-smartphone kuya kumathuluzi esayensi, izinzwa zesithombe zisenhliziyweni yobuchwepheshe bokubona banamuhla. Phakathi kwalokhu, izinzwa ze-CMOS seziphenduke amandla abusayo, zinika amandla yonke into kusukela ezithombeni zansuku zonke kuya ekuhlolweni kwe-microscopy okuthuthukisiwe kanye ne-semiconductor.
Ubuchwepheshe be-'Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor' (CMOS) buyisakhiwo se-elekthronikhi kanye nesethi yezinqubo zokwenziwa kobuchwepheshe ezisetshenziswa zazo zibanzi ngendlela emangalisayo. Ngempela, ubuchwepheshe be-CMOS bungashiwo busekela inkathi yesimanje yedijithali.
Iyini inzwa ye-CMOS?
Izinzwa zesithombe ze-CMOS (CIS) zisebenzisa amaphikseli asebenzayo, okusho ukusetshenziswa kwama-transistors amathathu noma ngaphezulu kuphikseli ngayinye yekhamera. Amaphikseli e-CCD kanye ne-EMCCD awaqukethe ama-transistors.
Ama-transistors kuphikseli ngalinye anika amandla lawa maphikseli 'asebenzayo' ukuthi alawuleke, amasiginali akhuliswa ngama-transistors 'omphumela wenkundla', futhi idatha yawo ifinyelelwe, konke ngokuhambisana. Esikhundleni somzila wokufunda owodwa wenzwa yonke noma ingxenye ebalulekile yenzwa, aIkhamera ye-CMOSihlanganisa okungenani umugqa owodwa wonke wama-ADC afundwayo, i-ADC eyodwa (noma ngaphezulu) kukholomu ngayinye yenzwa. Ngayinye yalezi ingafunda inani lekholomu yayo kanyekanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinzwa 'zephikseli esebenzayo' zihambisana ne-CMOS digital logic, okwandisa ukusebenza kwenzwa okungenzeka kube khona.
Ndawonye, lezi zimfanelo zinikeza izinzwa ze-CMOS isivinini sazo. Nokho, ngenxa yalokhu kwanda kokuhambisana, ama-ADC ngamanye ayakwazi ukuthatha isikhathi eside ukukala amasignali awo atholiwe ngokunemba okwengeziwe. Lezi zikhathi zokuguqula ezinde zivumela ukusebenza komsindo ophansi kakhulu, ngisho nokubalwa kwamaphikseli aphezulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, nezinye izinto ezintsha, umsindo ofundiwe wezinzwa ze-CMOS uvame ukuba ngaphansi ngo-5x - 10x kunalowo wama-CCDs.
Amakhamera esayensi yesimanje i-CMOS (sCMOS) awuhlobo oluncane olukhethekile lwe-CMOS oludizayinelwe umsindo ophansi nokuthwebula izithombe ezinesivinini esikhulu ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zocwaningo.
Zisebenza Kanjani Izinzwa ze-CMOS? (Kubandakanya i-Rolling vs Global Shutter)
Ukusebenza kwenzwa ye-CMOS evamile kuboniswa esithombeni futhi kuchazwe ngezansi. Qaphela ukuthi ngenxa yomehluko wokusebenza ngezansi, isikhathi kanye nokusebenza kokuchayeka kuzohluka kumakhamera we-CMOS womhlaba wonke aqhathaniswa nokugingqeka.
Umfanekiso: Inqubo yokufunda yenzwa ye-CMOS
QAPHELA: Inqubo yokufunda yamakhamera e-CMOS iyahluka phakathi kwamakhamera 'we-rolling shutter' kanye 'ne-global shutter', njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho embhalweni. Kunoma ikuphi, i-pixel ngayinye iqukethe i-capacitor ne-amplifier ekhiqiza i-voltage esekelwe ekubaleni kwe-photoelectron etholiwe. Kumugqa ngamunye, ama-voltage ekholomu ngayinye akalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa ngekholomu ye-analogue kuya kweziguquli zedijithali.
I-Rolling Shutter
1. Ukuze uthole inzwa ye-CMOS ye-shutter rolling, eqala kumugqa ophezulu (noma phakathi nendawo yamakhamera ahlukanisayo), sula ishaji emugqeni ukuze uqale ukuchayeka kwalowo mugqa.
2. Ngemuva kokuthi 'isikhathi somugqa' sesidlulile (imvamisa engu-5-20 μs), hambisa kumugqa olandelayo bese uphinda usuka esinyathelweni 1, kuze kube yilapho inzwa yonke ivezwa obala.
3. Kumugqa ngamunye, amanani ayanqwabelana ngesikhathi sokuchayeka, kuze kube lolo mugqa uqeda isikhathi sokuchayeka. Umugqa wokuqala ozoqalwa uzoqeda kuqala.
4. Uma ukuchayeka sekuqediwe umugqa, dlulisela izindleko ku-capacitor yokufunda neamplifier.
5. I-voltage ku-amplifier ngayinye kulowo mugqa ibe isixhunywa kukholomu ADC, futhi isignali ikalwa ngephikseli ngayinye emugqeni.
6. Umsebenzi wokufunda nokusetha kabusha kuzothatha 'isikhathi somugqa' ukuze kuqedwe, ngemva kwalokho umugqa olandelayo ozoqala ukuchayeka uyobe usufinyelele esiphethweni sesikhathi sakho sokuchayeka, futhi inqubo iphindwe kusukela kusinyathelo sesi-4.
7. Ngokushesha nje lapho ukufunda sekuqediwe kumugqa ongaphezulu, ukuhlinzeka ngokuthi umugqa ongezansi usuqalile ukuveza uhlaka lwamanje, umugqa ongaphezulu ungaqala ukuvezwa kozimele olandelayo (imodi yokugqagqana). Uma isikhathi sokuchayeka sisifishane kunesikhathi sozimele, umugqa ophezulu kufanele ulinde umugqa ongezansi ukuze uqale ukubonakala. Ukuchayeka okufushane okungaba khona ngokuvamile isikhathi somugqa owodwa.
Ikhamera ye-CMOS epholile ye-Tucsen's FL 26BW, efaka inzwa ye-Sony IMX533, isebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe be-rolling shutter.
I-Global Shutter
1. Ukuze uqalise ukutholwa, ukushaja kususwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyo yonke inzwa (ukusetha kabusha imbulunga yonke komthombo we-pixel).
2. Imali iqoqana ngesikhathi sokuchayeka.
3. Ekupheleni kokuchayeka, izinkokhiso eziqoqiwe ziyiswa emthonjeni omboziwe ngaphakathi kwephikseli ngayinye, lapho zingalinda khona ukufunda ngaphandle kokubalwa kwamafotoni amasha. Amanye amakhamera ahambisa amashaji ku-pixel capacitor kulesi sigaba.
4. Ngezindleko ezitholiwe ezigcinwe endaweni efihliwe yephikseli ngayinye, indawo esebenzayo yephikseli ingaqala ukuvezwa kohlaka olulandelayo (imodi yokugqagqana).
5. Inqubo yokufunda kusukela endaweni efihliwe iqhubekela phambili njengezinzwa zokuvala i-rolling: Umugqa owodwa ngesikhathi, kusukela phezulu kwenzwa, amashaji adluliswa esuka emthonjeni ombozwe kuya ku-capacitor yokufunda ne-amplifier.
6. I-voltage ku-amplifier ngayinye kulowo mugqa ixhunywe kukholomu ADC, futhi isignali ikalwa ngephikseli ngayinye emugqeni.
7. Umsebenzi wokufunda nokusetha kabusha kuzothatha 'isikhathi somugqa' ukuze kuqedwe, lapho inqubo izophinda umugqa olandelayo ukusuka esinyathelweni sesi-5.
8. Uma yonke imigqa isifundiwe, ikhamera isilungele ukufunda ifremu elandelayo, futhi inqubo ingaphinda isuke esinyathelweni sesi-2, noma isinyathelo sesi-3 uma isikhathi sokuchayeka sesidlulile.
Ikhamera ye-Tucsen Libra 3412M Mono sCMOSisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-shutter yomhlaba wonke, okuvumela ukuthwebula okucacile nokusheshayo kwamasampuli anyakazayo.
Izinzuzo Nezingozi Zezinzwa ze-CMOS
Izinzuzo
● Isivinini esiphezulu: Izinzwa ze-CMOS ngokuvamile ziyi-oda elingu-1 kuya ku-2 lobukhulu ngokushesha ekudluliseni kwedatha kunezinzwa ze-CCD noma ze-EMCCD.
● Izinzwa ezinkulu: Ukudluliswa kwedatha okusheshayo kuvumela ukubalwa kwamaphikseli aphezulu nezinkambu zokubuka ezinkulu, kufika emashumini noma amakhulu wamamegapixel.
● Umsindo ophansi: Ezinye izinzwa ze-CMOS zingafunda umsindo ophansi njengo-0.25e-, ama-EMCCD aqhudelanayo ngaphandle kokudinga ukuphindaphinda kwenkokhiso okwengeza imithombo yomsindo eyengeziwe.
● Ukuguquguquka kosayizi wephikiseli: Izinzwa zekhamera yekhasimende kanye ne-smartphone zishayela osayizi bephikseli behle baye ebangeni elingu-~1 μm, futhi amakhamera esayensi afika ku-11 μm ngosayizi wamaphikiseli avamile, futhi afika ku-16 μm ayatholakala.
● Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi: Izidingo zamandla aphansi zamakhamera e-CMOS ziwavumela ukuthi asetshenziswe ezinhlotsheni ezibanzi zezinhlelo zokusebenza zesayensi nezimboni.
● Inani nesikhathi sokuphila: Amakhamera we-CMOS asezingeni eliphansi ngokuvamile afana noma aphansi ngezindleko zamakhamera e-CCD, futhi amakhamera we-CMOS asezingeni eliphezulu anezindleko eziphansi kakhulu kunamakhamera we-EMCCD. Ukuphila kwabo okulindelwe kwenkonzo kufanele kudlule kakhulu kwekhamera ye-EMCCD.
Ububi
● Ishutha egoqayo: Iningi lamakhamera esayensi e-CMOS ane-shutter ejikelezayo, engangeza inkimbinkimbi ekugelezeni komsebenzi wokuhlola noma ikhiphe ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.
● Ijika elimnyama eliphakemet: Amakhamera amaningi e-CMOS anokukhanya okuphezulu kakhulu okumnyama kunezinzwa ze-CCD ne-EMCCD, kwesinye isikhathi ethula umsindo obalulekile ekuchayekeni okude (> 1 isekhondi).
Lapho Kusetshenziswa Izinzwa ze-CMOS Namuhla
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo, izinzwa ze-CMOS zitholakala kuhlelo olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza:
● I-Consumer Electronics: Ama-Smartphones, amakhamera ewebhu, ama-DSLR, amakhamera wesenzo.
● Isayensi Yezempilo: Amandla ezinzwa ze-CMOSamakhamera e-microscopyesetshenziswa ekucabangeni kwe-fluorescence nasekuxilongweni kwezokwelapha.
● Isayensi yezinkanyezi: Izibonakude nemishini yokuthwebula emkhathini kuvame ukusebenzisa i-CMOS yesayensi (sCMOS) ngokulungiswa okuphezulu nomsindo ophansi.
● Ukuhlolwa Kwezimboni: Ukuhlola okuzenzakalelayo kwe-optical (AOI), amarobhothi, kanyeamakhamera okuhlolwa kwe-semiconductorthembela kuzinzwa ze-CMOS ukuze uthole isivinini nokunemba.
● Ezezimoto: I-Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), amakhamera abuka ngemuva nawokupaka.
● Ukugada Nokuphepha: Amasistimu okubona ukukhanya okuphansi nokunyakaza.
Isivinini sabo nokusebenza kahle kwezindleko kwenza i-CMOS ibe yisixazululo sakho kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano okuphezulu kanye nomsebenzi wesayensi okhethekile.
Kungani i-CMOS Manje Iyizinga Lesimanje
Ukushintsha ukusuka ku-CCD kuye ku-CMOS akuzange kwenzeke ngokuphazima kweso, kodwa bekungenakugwemeka. Nakhu ukuthi kungani i-CMOS manje isiyisisekelo semboni yezithombe:
● Inzuzo Yokukhiqiza: Yakhelwe emigqeni ejwayelekile yokwenziwa kwe-semiconductor, yehlisa izindleko futhi ithuthukisa ukukala.
● Izinzuzo Zokusebenza: Izinketho ze-rolling ne-global shutter, ukuzwela kokukhanya okuphansi okuthuthukisiwe, namazinga aphezulu ozimele.
● Ukuhlanganisa & Intelligence: Izinzwa ze-CMOS manje zisekela ukucutshungulwa kwe-AI ku-chip, i-edge computing, nokuhlaziywa kwesikhathi sangempela.
● Ukuqamba okusha: Izinhlobo zezinzwa ezisafufusa njenge-CMOS estakiwe, izinzwa zesithombe se-quanta, nezinzwa ezigobile zakhiwe kumapulatifomu e-CMOS.
Kusuka kuma-smartphones kuyaamakhamera esayensi, i-CMOS ibonakale ivumelana nezimo, inamandla, futhi ilungele ikusasa.
Isiphetho
Izinzwa ze-CMOS seziguqukele ezingeni lesimanje lezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zokucabanga, ngenxa yebhalansi yazo yokusebenza, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nezindleko. Ukuthi uthwebula izinkumbulo zansuku zonke noma ukuhlaziya isayensi yesivinini esikhulu, ubuchwepheshe be-CMOS buhlinzeka ngesisekelo somhlaba obonakalayo wanamuhla.
Njengoba izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-CMOS ye-shutter yomhlaba wonke kanye ne-sCMOS iqhubeka nokwandisa amakhono obuchwepheshe, ukubusa kwayo kuzoqhubeka iminyaka ezayo.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-rolling shutter ne-global shutter?
I-shutter ifunda idatha yesithombe umugqa ngomugqa, okungabangela ama-artifact anyakazayo (isb, i-skew noma i-wobble) uma ithwebula izifundo ezihamba ngokushesha.
I-shutter yomhlaba wonke ithwebula lonke uhlaka ngesikhathi esisodwa, isuse ukuhlanekezela ekunyakazeni. Ilungele izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthatha izithombe ezinesivinini esikhulu njengokubona komshini nokuhlola kwesayensi.
Iyini i-Rolling Shutter CMOS Overlap Mode?
Kumakhamera e-CMOS avalayo, kumodi yokugqagqana, ukuvezwa kohlaka olulandelayo kungaqala ngaphambi kokuba olwamanje luqede ngokugcwele, okuvumela amanani ozimele aphezulu. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba ukuchayeka komugqa ngamunye kanye nokufunda kushintshwa ngesikhathi.
Le modi iwusizo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho izinga eliphezulu lozimele kanye nokuphumayo kubaluleke kakhulu, njengokuhlola ngesivinini esiphezulu noma ukulandelela ngesikhathi sangempela. Nokho, ingase ikhulise kancane ubunkimbinkimbi besikhathi nokuvumelanisa.
I-Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Wonke amalungelo agodliwe. Uma ucaphuna, sicela wazise umthombo:www.tucsen.com
