25/08/08Emfanekisweni wezimboni nesayensi, ukuthwebula izinto ezihamba ngokushesha ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya okuphansi kuletha inselele njalo. Kulapho amakhamera e-Time Delay Integration (TDI) engenela khona. Ubuchwepheshe be-TDI buhlanganisa ukuvumelanisa ukunyakaza nokuchayeka okuningi ukuze kulethwe ukuzwela okukhethekile nokucaca kwesithombe, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinesivinini esikhulu.
Iyini Ikhamera ye-TDI?
Ikhamera ye-TDI iyikhamera ekhethekile yokuskena umugqa ethwebula izithombe zezinto ezihambayo. Ngokungafani namakhamera okuskena endawo ajwayelekile aveza lonke uhlaka ngesikhathi esisodwa, amakhamera we-TDI asusa ukushaja ukusuka kumugqa owodwa wamaphikseli ukuya kolandelayo ngokuvumelanisa nokunyakaza kwento. Umugqa wamaphikseli ngamunye uqongelela ukukhanya njengoba isihloko sinyakaza, okwandisa ngempumelelo isikhathi sokuchayeka futhi kuthuthukise amandla esignali ngaphandle kokwethula ukufiphala kokunyakaza.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenkokhiso kukhulisa ngokuphawulekayo isilinganiso se-signal-to-noise (SNR), okwenza amakhamera e-TDI alungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinesivinini esikhulu noma zokukhanya okuphansi.
Isebenza Kanjani Ikhamera ye-TDI?
Ukusebenza kwekhamera ye-TDI kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.
Umfanekiso 1: Ukusebenza kwezinzwa ze-Time Delay Integration (TDI).
QAPHELA: Amakhamera e-TDI ahambisa izindleko ezitholiwe kuzo zonke 'izigaba' eziningi ngokuvumelanisa nesihloko esinyakazayo sokuthwebula. Isigaba ngasinye sinikeza ithuba elengeziwe lokuvezwa ekukhanyeni. Kufanekiswa ngo-'T' ogqamile ohamba ekhamera, enekholomu engu-5 ngezigaba ezi-5 zenzwa ye-TDI. I-Tucsen Dhyana 9KTDI enokunyakaza kokushaja okuxubile kwesitayela se-CCD kodwa ukufunda okuhambisanayo kwesitayela se-CMOS.
Amakhamera e-TDI angamakhamera wokuskena umugqa ngempumelelo, anomehluko owodwa obalulekile: esikhundleni somugqa owodwa wamaphikseli athola idatha njengoba amakhamera askeniwa esihlokweni sokuthwebula, amakhamera e-TDI anemigqa eminingi, eyaziwa ngokuthi 'izigaba', ngokuvamile efika ku-256.
Nokho, le migqa ayisakhi isithombe esinezinhlangothi ezimbili njengekhamera yendawo. Esikhundleni salokho, njengoba isihloko sesithombe esiskeniwe sihamba phakathi kwenzwa yekhamera, ama-photoelectrons atholiwe ngaphakathi kwephikseli ngalinye ayashova aye kumugqa olandelayo ngokuvumelanisa nokunyakaza kwesihloko esithwebulayo, ngaphandle kokufundwa okwamanje. Umugqa ngamunye owengeziwe ube usunikeza ithuba elingeziwe lokudalula isihloko sesithombe ekukhanyeni. Kuphela uma ucezu lwesithombe lufika kumugqa wokugcina wamaphikseli wenzwa yilapho lo mugqa ube usudluliselwa esakhiweni esifundwayo ukuze silinganiswe.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kwezilinganiso eziningi ezenzeka kuzo zonke izigaba zekhamera, isehlo esisodwa kuphela somsindo wokufundwa kwekhamera kwethulwa. Ikhamera ye-TDI enezigaba ezingama-256 igcina isampula ekubukeni izikhathi ezingama-256 ubude, futhi yingakho inesikhathi sokuchayeka esiphindwe izikhathi ezingama-256 kunekhamera yokuskena yomugqa ofanayo. Isikhathi esilinganayo sokuchayeka ngekhamera yeskeni yendawo singaveza ukufiphala okwedlulele kokunyakaza, kwenze isithombe singabi namsebenzi.
Ingasetshenziswa Nini I-TDI?
Amakhamera e-TDI ayisixazululo esihle kakhulu sanoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza lokuthwebula izithombe lapho isihloko sesithombe sinyakaza ngokuhlobene nekhamera, inqobo nje uma ukunyakaza kufana nokubuka kwekhamera.
Ngakho-ke izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-TDI imaging zihlanganisa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke lezo zokuskena komugqa lapho kwakheka khona izithombe ezinezinhlangothi ezimbili, kuyilapho iletha isivinini esikhulu, ukuzwela kokukhanya okuphansi okuthuthukisiwe kakhulu, ikhwalithi yesithombe engcono, noma zonke ezintathu ngasikhathi sinye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunezindlela eziningi zokuthwebula ezisebenzisa amakhamera wendawo lapho kungasetshenziswa khona amakhamera we-TDI.
Nge-sCMOS TDI ezwela kakhulu, izithombe 'zethayela nokuthunga' ku-biological fluorescence microscopy zingenziwa kusetshenziswa ukuskena okungami kwesiteji esikhundleni sokuthayela. Noma yonke i-TDI ingafaneleka kahle ekuhloleni izicelo. Olunye uhlelo lokusebenza olubalulekile lwe-TDI i-imaging flow cytometry, lapho izithombe ze-fluorescence zamaseli zitholwa lapho zidlula ikhamera ngenkathi zigeleza kumzila we-microfluidic.
Ubuhle Nebubi be-sCMOS TDI
Izinzuzo
● Ingakwazi ukuthwebula izithombe ezinobukhulu obungu-2 zosayizi obuthile ngesivinini esiphezulu lapho iskena esihlokweni somfanekiso.
● Izigaba eziningi ze-TDI, umsindo ophansi, ne-QE ephezulu kungaholela ekuzweleni okuphakeme kakhulu kunamakhamera wokuskena kolayini.
● Isivinini sokufunda esiphezulu kakhulu singafinyelelwa, isibonelo, kufika ku-510,000Hz (imigqa ngomzuzwana), ngesithombe esibanzi esingu-9,072-pixel.
●Ukukhanyisa kudinga kuphela ukuba ne-1-dimensional futhi kungadingi inkambu eyisicaba noma okunye ukulungiswa kubukhulu besibili (okuskeniwe). Ukwengeza, izikhathi zokuchayeka ezinde uma ziqhathaniswa nokuskena komugqa 'zingashelela' ngenxa yemithombo yokukhanya ye-AC.
● Izithombe ezihambayo zingatholwa ngaphandle kokufiphala kokunyakaza nangesivinini esikhulu nokuzwela.
●Ukuskena izindawo ezinkulu kungashesha kakhulu kunamakhamera endawo.
● Nge-software ethuthukisiwe noma ukusetha okucuphayo, imodi 'yokuskena indawo' inganikeza ukubuka konke kwesikena sendawo ukuze kugxilwe futhi kuqondiswe.
Ububi
● Umsindo omkhulu kunamakhamera avamile e-sCMOS, okusho ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanya okuphansi kakhulu azifinyeleleki.
● Idinga ukusethwa kochwepheshe ngokucupha okuthuthukisiwe ukuze ivumelanise ukunyakaza kwesihloko sokuthwebula nokuskena kwekhamera, ukulawula okuhle kakhulu kwesivinini sokunyakaza, noma ukubikezela okunembile kwesivinini ukuze uvumele ukuvumelanisa.
● Njengobuchwepheshe obusha, zimbalwa izixazululo ezikhona manje zokusetshenziswa kwehadiwe nesofthiwe.
I-sCMOS TDI enekhono eliphansi lokukhanya
Nakuba i-TDI njengendlela yokuthwebula yandulela ukuthwebula kwedijithali, futhi kudala yadlula ukuskena komugqa ekusebenzeni, eminyakeni embalwa edlule kuphela lapho amakhamera e-TDI athole ukuzwela okudingekayo ukuze afinyelele izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanya okuphansi ezingadinga ukuzwela kwezinga lesayensi.Amakhamera we-sCMOS.
I-'sCMOS TDI' ihlanganisa umnyakazo wesitayela se-CCD wamashaji kuyo yonke inzwa ngokufundwa kwesitayela se-sCMOS, nezinzwa ezikhanyiswa ngemuva ezitholakalayo. Amakhamera adlule asekelwe ku-CCD noma asekelwe* ku-CMOS* TDI afundeka kancane kakhulu, ukubalwa kwamaphikseli amancane, izigaba ezimbalwa, futhi afunde umsindo ophakathi kuka-30e- no->100e-. Ngokuphambene, i-sCMOS TDI efana neTucsenIkhamera ye-Dhyana 9KTDI sCMOSinikeza umsindo ofundekayo we-7.2e-, kuhlanganiswe nokusebenza kahle kwe-quantum okuphezulu ngokukhanyisa ngemuva, okuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-TDI ezinhlelweni zokusebenza zeleveli yokukhanya ephansi kakhulu kunangaphambili okungenzeka.
Ezinhlelweni eziningi, izikhathi zokuchayeka ezinde ezinikwe amandla yinqubo ye-TDI zingavala ngaphezu kokwenyuka komsindo ofundwayo uma kuqhathaniswa namakhamera wekhwalithi ephezulu we-sCMOS anomsindo wokufunda eduze ne-1e-.
Izicelo Ezivamile zamakhamera we-TDI
Amakhamera e-TDI atholakala ezimbonini eziningi lapho ukunemba nesivinini kubaluleke ngokulinganayo:
● Ukuhlolwa kwe-wafer ye-semiconductor
● Ukuhlolwa kwe-flat panel display (FPD).
● Ukuhlolwa kwewebhu (iphepha, ifilimu, ucwecwe, izindwangu)
● Ukuskena nge-X-ray ekuxilongweni kwezokwelapha noma ekuhlolweni kwemithwalo
● Ukuskena kwepuleti lesilayidi kanye nemithombo eminingi ku-digital pathology
● I-Hyperspectral imaging ekuzweleni okukude noma kwezolimo
● Ukuhlolwa kwe-PCB nogesi emigqeni ye-SMT
Lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zizuza ekugqameni okuthuthukisiwe, isivinini, kanye nokucaca okuhlinzekwa yi-TDI imaging ngaphansi kwemikhawulo yomhlaba wangempela.
Isibonelo: Ukuskena kwe-Slide kanye ne-Multi-Well Plate
Njengoba kushiwo, uhlelo lokusebenza olulodwa olunesithembiso esibalulekile samakhamera we-sCMOS TDI ukuthunga izinhlelo zokusebenza, okuhlanganisa ukuskena kwama-slide noma amapuleti amaningi. Ukuskena amasampula e-fluorescent amakhulu noma amasampula e-brightfield microscopy ngamakhamera endawo engu-2-dimensional kuncike ekuthungeni igridi yezithombe ezakhiwe kusukela ekunyakazeni okuningi kwesiteji sesibonakhulu se-XY. Isithombe ngasinye sidinga ukuthi isiteji sime, sixazulule, bese siqala kabusha, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukubambezeleka kwe-rolling shutter. I-TDI, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingathola izithombe ngenkathi isiteji sisanyakaza. Isithombe bese senziwa kusuka enanini elincane 'lemicu' emide, ngalinye limboza bonke ububanzi besampula. Lokhu kungase kuholele kuzivinini eziphakeme kakhulu zokutholwa kanye nokuphuma kwedatha kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthunga, kuye ngezimo zesithombe.
Isivinini lapho isiteji singahamba khona siphambene ngokuphambene nesikhathi sokuchayeka esiphelele sekhamera ye-TDI, ngakho-ke izikhathi zokuchayeka ezimfushane (1-20ms) zinikeza ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu kwejubane lokuthwebula izithombe uma kuqhathaniswa namakhamera okuskena endawo, okungase kuholele ekuhlelekeni kobukhulu noma ekuncishisweni okukhulu kwesikhathi esiphelele sokuthola. Ezikhathini zokuchayeka ezinde (isb> 100ms), ukuskena kwendawo ngokuvamile kungagcina inzuzo yesikhathi.
Isibonelo sesithombe esikhulu kakhulu (2 Gigapixel) se-fluorescence microscopy esakhiwe kumasekhondi ayishumi nje sikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 2. Isithombe esilinganayo esakhiwe nekhamera yokuskena yendawo singalindelwa ukuthi sithathe imizuzu embalwa.
Umfanekiso 2: Isithombe esingu-2 Gigapixel esakhiwe kumasekhondi angu-10 ngokuskena kwe-TDI nokuthungwa
QAPHELA: Isithombe sokukhulisa esingu-10x sitholwe kusetshenziswa i-Tucsen Dhyana 9kTDI yamachashazi epeni eligqamisayo abukwe nge-fluorescence microscopy. Kutholwe kumasekhondi angu-10 kusetshenziswa isikhathi sokuchayeka esingu-3.6 ms. Ubukhulu besithombe: 30mm x 17mm, 58,000 x 34,160 pixels.
Ivumelanisa i-TDI
Ukuvumelanisa kwekhamera ye-TDI nesihloko sokuthwebula isithombe (ukuya kumaphesenti ambalwa) kubalulekile - ukungafani kwesivinini kuzoholela 'ekufipheleni kokunyakaza'. Lokhu kuvumelanisa kungenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:
Ukubikezela: Isivinini sekhamera sisethelwe ukufanisa isivinini sokunyakaza okusekelwe olwazini lwesivinini sokunyakaza kwesampula, ukubona (ukukhulisa), nosayizi wephikseli yekhamera. Noma ukuzama nephutha.
Kucushiwe: Izigaba eziningi ze-microscope, ama-gantries nezinye izisetshenziswa zokuhambisa izifundo zesithombe zingafaka izishumeki ezithumela i-trigger pulse kukhamera ngebanga lokunyakaza elinikeziwe. Lokhu kuvumela isiteji/i-gantry nekhamera ukuthi kuhlale kukuvumelanisa kungakhathaliseki isivinini sokunyakaza.
Amakhamera we-TDI vs. Iskena somugqa kanye namakhamera we-Area Scan
Nansi indlela i-TDI eqhathaniswa ngayo nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuthwebula obudumile:
| Isici | Ikhamera ye-TDI | Ikhamera yokuskena ngomugqa | Indawo Scan Ikhamera |
| Ukuzwela | Phezulu kakhulu | Maphakathi | Phansi ukuya Okumaphakathi |
| Ikhwalithi Yesithombe (ukunyakaza) | Kuhle kakhulu | Kuhle | Ifiphazwe ngesivinini esikhulu |
| Izidingo zokukhanyisa | Phansi | Maphakathi | Phezulu |
| Ukuhambisana Kokunyakaza | Kuhle kakhulu (uma kuvumelanisiwe) | Kuhle | Impofu |
| Kuhle kakhulu | Isivinini esikhulu, ukukhanya okuphansi | Izinto ezihamba ngokushesha | Izigcawu ezimile noma ezihamba kancane |
I-TDI iyisinqumo esicacile lapho isigameko sihamba ngokushesha futhi namazinga okukhanya anomkhawulo. Ukuskena komugqa kuyisinyathelo esiphansi sokuzwela, kuyilapho ukuskena kwendawo kungcono ngokusetha okulula noma okumile.
Ukukhetha Ikhamera Yesokudla ye-TDI
Lapho ukhetha ikhamera ye-TDI, cabangela lokhu okulandelayo:
● Inombolo yezigaba ze-TDI: Izigaba ezengeziwe zandisa i-SNR, kodwa futhi nezindleko nobunkimbinkimbi.
● Uhlobo lwenzwa: I-sCMOS ikhethwa ngenxa yesivinini sayo nomsindo ophansi; I-CCD ingase ifanelekele ezinye izinhlelo zefa.
● Isixhumi esibonakalayo: Qinisekisa ukuhambisana nesistimu yakho—I-Camera Link, i-CoaXPress, ne-10GigE izinketho ezivamile, i-100G CoF ne-40G CoF zivele njengamathrendi amasha.
● Impendulo ye-Spectral: Khetha phakathi kwe-monochrome, umbala, noma eduze ne-infrared (NIR) ngokusekelwe kuzidingo zohlelo lokusebenza.
● Izinketho zokuvumelanisa: Bheka izici ezifana nokokufaka kwesifaki khodi noma usekelo lwe-trigger yangaphandle ukuze uthole ukuqondanisa okungcono kokunyakaza.
Uma uhlelo lwakho lokusebenza lubandakanya amasampula ebhayoloji athambile, ukuhlolwa kwesivinini esikhulu, noma izindawo ezinokukhanya okuphansi, i-sCMOS TDI kungenzeka ifaneleke.
Isiphetho
Amakhamera e-TDI amele inguquko enamandla kubuchwepheshe bezithombe, ikakhulukazi uma akhelwe kuzinzwa ze-sCMOS. Ngokuhlanganisa ukuvumelanisa okunyakazayo nokuhlanganiswa kwemigqa eminingi, banikeza ukuzwela okungenakuqhathaniswa nokucaca kwezigcawu eziguqukayo, zokukhanya okuphansi.
Ukuthi uhlola amawafa, uskena amaslayidi, noma wenza ukuhlola okushesha kakhulu, ukuqonda ukuthi i-TDI isebenza kanjani kungakusiza ukhethe isixazululo esingcono kakhulu phakathiamakhamera esayensingezinselelo zakho zokuthatha izithombe.
FAQ
Ingabe amakhamera e-TDI angakwazi ukusebenza kumodi yokuskena kwendawo?
Amakhamera e-TDI angakha (amancane kakhulu) izithombe ze-2-dimensional kumodi 'efana ne-scan-scan', ezuzwe ngobuqili besikhathi senzwa. Lokhu kungaba usizo emisebenzini efana nokugxila nokuqondanisa.
Ukuqala 'ukuchayeka kwesikena sendawo', inzwa kuqala 'isulwa' ngokuqhubekisela phambili i-TDI okungenani izinyathelo eziningi njengoba ikhamera inezigaba, ngokushesha okukhulu, bese ima. Lokhu kufezwa ngokulawulwa kwesoftware, noma ukucupha ihadiwe, futhi kwenziwa kahle ebumnyameni. Isibonelo, ikhamera yesiteji esingu-256 kufanele ifunde okungenani imigqa engama-256, bese ima. Le migqa yedatha engama-256 ilahliwe.
Ngenkathi ikhamera ingacushwa noma imigqa ifundwa, inzwa iziphatha njengenzwa yokuskena kwendawo eveza isithombe.
Isikhathi sokuchayeka esifiswayo kufanele sidlule lapho ikhamera ingenzi lutho, ngaphambi kokuthi futhi kuthuthukiswe ikhamera okungenani ngenani lezigaba, ufunda umugqa ngamunye wesithombe esisanda kutholwa. Futhi, lesi sigaba 'sokufunda' kufanele senzeke ebumnyameni.
Le nqubo ingaphinda inikeze 'ukubuka kuqala okubukhoma' noma ukulandelana kwezithombe zokuskena endaweni ezinokuhlanekezela okuncane kanye nokufiphala kusukela ekusebenzeni kwe-TDI.
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