22/07/13Haɗin jinkirin lokaci (TDI) fasaha ce ta hoto wacce ta riga ta fara ɗaukar hoto na dijital - amma har yanzu yana ba da fa'idodi masu yawa a ƙarshen ɗaukar hoto a yau. Akwai yanayi guda biyu waɗanda kyamarorin TDI zasu iya haskakawa - duka lokacin da batun hoton ke motsawa:
1 - Batun hoton yana cikin motsin rai tare da tsayin daka, kamar a cikin binciken yanar gizo (kamar bincikar takaddun takarda, filastik ko masana'anta don lahani da lalacewa), layin taro, ko micro fluidics da ruwa yana gudana.
2- Abubuwan da ake iya ɗaukar hoto a tsaye waɗanda kamara za ta iya ɗaukar hoto daga yanki zuwa yanki, ta hanyar motsa batun ko kamara. Misalai sun haɗa da duban faifan microscope, duba kayan aiki, duba fa'idodin lebur da sauransu.
Idan ɗayan waɗannan yanayi zai iya amfani da hoton ku, wannan shafin yanar gizon zai taimaka muku yin la'akari ko sauyawa daga kyamarorin 'yanki' masu girma biyu na al'ada zuwa kyamarorin Layin Scan TDI na iya ba da haɓaka hotonku.
Matsalar Yanki-Scan & Maƙasudin Matsala
● Rage motsi
Wasu batutuwan hoto suna motsi ta larura, misali a cikin kwararar ruwa ko binciken yanar gizo. A cikin wasu aikace-aikace, kamar duba faifai da duba kayan aiki, kiyaye batun a motsi na iya zama da sauri da inganci fiye da dakatar da motsi ga kowane hoton da aka samu. Koyaya, don kyamarorin binciken yanki, idan batun hoton yana motsi dangane da kyamarar, wannan na iya gabatar da ƙalubale.
Motsi blur yana karkatar da hoton abin hawa mai motsi
A cikin yanayi mai iyakataccen haske ko kuma inda ake buƙatar manyan hotuna, ana iya son dogon lokacin bayyanar kamara. Koyaya, motsin batun zai yada haskensa akan pixels na kamara da yawa yayin fallasa, wanda zai haifar da 'blur motsi'. Ana iya rage wannan ta hanyar adana abubuwan da aka bayyana gajeru sosai - a ƙarƙashin lokacin da za a ɗauka ga maƙasudi kan batun don keta pixel na kyamara. Wannan shineunyawanci akan kashe duhu, hayaniya, hotuna marasa amfani.
●dinki
Bugu da ƙari, yawanci yin hoto babba ko ci gaba da batutuwan hoto tare da kyamarorin binciken yanki yana buƙatar samun hotuna da yawa, sannan a haɗa su tare. Wannan dinkin yana buƙatar jujjuyawar pixels tsakanin hotuna da ke makwabtaka da su, rage inganci da haɓaka buƙatun ajiya da sarrafa bayanai.
●Rashin daidaituwa
Menene ƙari, hasken ba safai ya isa ya isa don guje wa batutuwa da kayan tarihi a kan iyakoki tsakanin hotuna da aka dinka. Har ila yau, don samar da haske a kan babban isashen wuri don kyamarar yanki-scan tare da isasshen ƙarfi sau da yawa yana buƙatar amfani da manyan wuta, manyan hanyoyin hasken wuta na DC.
Rashin daidaituwar haske a cikin ɗinkin siyan sifofin hoto da yawa na kwakwalwar linzamin kwamfuta. Hoto daga Watson et al. 2017: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180486
Menene kyamarar TDI, kuma ta yaya take taimakawa?
A cikin kyamarori masu girma biyu na al'ada, akwai matakai uku na samun hoto: sake saitin pixel, fallasa, da karantawa. A lokacin bayyanar, ana gano hotunan hoto daga wurin, wanda ke haifar da photoelectrons, waɗanda aka adana a cikin pixels kamara har zuwa ƙarshen bayyanar. Ana karanta ƙididdiga daga kowane pixel, kuma an kafa hoton 2D. Ana sake saita pixels kuma an share duk caji don fara fallasa na gaba.
Koyaya, kamar yadda aka ambata, idan batun hoton yana motsawa dangane da kamara, hasken da ke cikin batun zai iya bazuwa akan pixels da yawa yayin wannan faɗuwar, yana haifar da blur motsi. Kyamarorin TDI sun shawo kan wannan iyakance ta amfani da wata sabuwar dabara. An nuna wannan a cikin [Animation 1].
●Yadda TDI Kamara Aiki
Kyamarorin TDI suna aiki ta wata hanya ta daban zuwa kyamarorin binciken yanki. Yayin da batun hoto ke motsawa a cikin kyamarar yayin da ake nunawa, ana motsa cajin lantarki da ke samar da hoton da aka samu su ma, suna kasancewa tare. Yayin fallasa, kyamarori na TDI suna iya jujjuya duk cajin da aka samu daga jeri ɗaya na pixels zuwa na gaba, tare da kyamarar, aiki tare da motsin batun hoto. Yayin da batun ke motsawa a kan kyamarar, kowane jere (wanda aka sani da 'TDI Stage'), yana ba da sabuwar dama don fallasa kamara ga batun, da tara sigina.
Da zarar jeri na cajin da aka samu ya kai ƙarshen kamara, kawai sai a karanta ƙididdiga kuma a adana su azaman yanki mai girma 1 na hoton. Hoton 2-D yana samuwa ta hanyar haɗa kowane yanki na hoton a gaba yayin da kyamara ke karanta su. Kowane jeri na pixels a cikin sakamakon hoto da waƙoƙin hoto da hotuna 'yanki' iri ɗaya na batun hoton, ma'ana cewa duk da motsi, babu blur.
●256x Tsawon Bayyanawa
Tare da kyamarori na TDI, ana ba da ingantaccen lokacin bayyanar hoton ta duk lokacin da ake ɗauka don ma'ana kan batun don kewaya kowane jeri na pixels, tare da har zuwa matakan 256 da ake samu akan wasu kyamarorin TDI. Wannan yana nufin lokacin da ake samu ya fi girma sau 256 da kyau fiye da yadda kyamarar yanki zata iya cimmawa.
Wannan na iya haifar da ko dai daga cikin haɓaka biyu, ko ma'auni na duka biyu. Da fari dai, ana iya samun gagarumin haɓakar saurin hoto. Idan aka kwatanta da kyamarar sikanin yanki, batun hoton na iya yin motsi har zuwa 256x cikin sauri yayin da yake ɗaukar adadin sigina iri ɗaya, samar da ƙimar layin kamara yana da sauri don ci gaba.
A gefe guda, idan ana buƙatar ƙarin hankali, tsawon lokacin bayyanarwa zai iya ba da damar hotuna masu inganci da yawa, ƙarancin haske, ko duka biyun.
●Babban kayan aikin bayanai ba tare da dinki ba
Tun da kyamarar TDI tana samar da hoto mai girma 2 daga madaidaitan sassa 1 masu zuwa, hoton da aka samu zai iya girma kamar yadda ake buƙata. Yayin da adadin pixels a cikin alkiblar ‘horizontal’ ke bayar da nisa ta kamara, misali 9072 pixels, girman ‘tsaye’ na hoton ba shi da iyaka, kuma kawai an ƙayyade ta tsawon lokacin da kyamarar ke aiki. Tare da ƙimar layi har zuwa 510kHz, wannan na iya sadar da babban kayan aikin bayanai.
Haɗe tare da wannan, kyamarori na TDI na iya ba da fa'idodi masu faɗi sosai. Misali, kyamarar pixel 9072 mai pixels 5µm tana ba da filin kallon kwance na 45mm tare da babban ƙuduri. Don cimma nisa na hoto iri ɗaya tare da kyamarar sikanin yanki na pixel 5µm zai buƙaci kyamarori 4K guda uku a gefe.
●Haɓakawa akan kyamarori masu duba layi
Kyamarorin TDI ba kawai suna ba da haɓakawa akan kyamarori masu duba yanki ba. Kyamarorin sikanin layi, waɗanda ke ɗaukar layi ɗaya na pixels, suma suna fama da yawancin batutuwa iri ɗaya tare da ƙarfin haske da gajeriyar bayyanar kamar kyamarorin binciken yanki.
Kodayake kamar kyamarori na TDI, kyamarori na sikanin layi suna ba da ƙarin haske tare da saiti mafi sauƙi, kuma suna guje wa buƙatar ɗinki na hoto, sau da yawa suna iya buƙatar haske mai ƙarfi da / ko jinkirin motsi batun don ɗaukar isasshiyar sigina don hoto mai inganci. Tsawon filaye da saurin magana da kyamarorin TDI ke ba da damar yana nufin ƙananan ƙarfi, ana iya amfani da hasken ƙananan farashi yayin inganta ingantaccen hoto. Misali, layin samarwa yana iya motsawa daga farashi mai tsada, manyan fitilun halogen masu amfani da wutar lantarki da ke buƙatar ikon DC, zuwa hasken LED.
Ta yaya kyamarorin TDI suke aiki?
Akwai ma'auni guda uku na gama gari don yadda ake cimma hoton TDI akan firikwensin kamara.
● CCD TDI– CCD kyamarori su ne mafi tsufa salon kyamarori na dijital. Saboda ƙirar su ta lantarki, cimma halayen TDI akan CCD kwatankwacin sauƙaƙa ne, tare da firikwensin kyamara da yawa suna iya aiki ta wannan hanyar. Don haka an yi amfani da TDI CCDs shekaru da yawa.
Koyaya, fasahar CCD tana da iyakokinta. Mafi ƙarancin girman pixel da ake samu don kyamarorin CCD TDI yana kusa da 12µm x 12µm - wannan, tare da ƙananan ƙididdigar pixel, yana iyakance ikon kyamarori don warware cikakkun bayanai. Menene ƙari, saurin saye ya yi ƙasa da sauran fasahohi, yayin da karanta amo- babban abin iyakancewa a cikin ƙananan hoton haske - yana da girma. Hakanan amfani da wutar lantarki yana da yawa, wanda shine babban abu a wasu aikace-aikacen. Wannan ya haifar da sha'awar ƙirƙirar kyamarori na TDI bisa tsarin gine-ginen CMOS.
●Farkon CMOS TDI: Wutar lantarki-yankin da jimlar dijital
Kyamarorin CMOS sun shawo kan yawancin amo & iyakokin saurin kyamarori na CCD, yayin da suke amfani da ƙarancin ƙarfi, da kuma ba da ƙaramin girman pixel. Koyaya, halayen TDI sun fi wahalar cimma akan kyamarori na CMOS, saboda ƙirar pixel su. Yayin da CCDs a zahiri ke motsa photoelectrons daga pixel zuwa pixel don sarrafa firikwensin, kyamarori na CMOS suna canza sigina a cikin photoelectrons zuwa ƙarfin lantarki a kowane pixel kafin karantawa.
An bincika halayen TDI akan firikwensin CMOS tun 2001, duk da haka, ƙalubalen yadda za a iya ɗaukar 'taron' siginar yayin da fallasa ke motsawa daga jere ɗaya zuwa na gaba yana da mahimmanci. Hanyoyi biyu na farko na CMOS TDI har yanzu ana amfani da su a cikin kyamarori na kasuwanci a yau sune tarawar yanki na lantarki da jimlar dijital TDI CMOS. A cikin kyamarori masu tara wutar lantarki, yayin da ake samun kowane jere na sigina yayin da jigon hoton ke wucewa, ana ƙara ƙarfin lantarkin da aka samu ta hanyar lantarki zuwa jimillar sayan wannan ɓangaren hoton. Tara ƙarfin lantarki ta wannan hanyar yana gabatar da ƙarin amo don kowane ƙarin matakin TDI wanda aka ƙara, yana iyakance fa'idodin ƙarin matakai. Batutuwa tare da layi kuma suna ƙalubalantar amfani da waɗannan kyamarori don takamaiman aikace-aikace.
Hanya ta biyu ita ce jimlar dijital TDI. A cikin wannan hanyar, kyamarar CMOS tana gudana yadda ya kamata a yanayin sikanin yanki tare da ɗan gajeren filaye da ya dace da lokacin da aka ɗauka don hoton hoton don matsawa a jere ɗaya na pixels. Amma, layuka daga kowane firam na gaba ana haɗa su tare a lambobi ta hanyar da za a sami tasirin TDI. Kamar yadda dole ne a karanta gaba ɗaya kamara don kowane jere na pixels a cikin hoton da aka samu, wannan ƙarar dijital kuma tana ƙara ƙarar ƙarar kowane jere, kuma tana iyakance saurin saye.
●Ma'auni na zamani: TDI CMOS mai caji, ko CCD-kan-CMOS TDI
An shawo kan iyakokin CMOS TDI da ke sama kwanan nan ta hanyar ƙaddamar da tarin cajin TDI CMOS, wanda kuma aka sani da CCD-on-CMOS TDI. Ana nuna aikin waɗannan firikwensin a cikin [Animation 1]. Kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin suna ba da motsi kamar CCD na caji daga pixel ɗaya zuwa na gaba, tara sigina a kowane matakin TDI ta hanyar ƙari na photoelectrons akan matakin cajin mutum ɗaya. Wannan ba shi da surutu yadda ya kamata. Koyaya, ana shawo kan iyakokin CCD TDI ta hanyar amfani da gine-ginen karantawa na CMOS, yana ba da damar saurin gudu, ƙaramar hayaniya da ƙarancin ƙarfin amfani da kyamarori na CMOS.
Bayanan TDI: menene mahimmanci?
●Fasaha:Abu mafi mahimmanci shine abin da ake amfani da fasahar firikwensin kamar yadda aka tattauna a sama. CMOS TDI na caji-yanki zai ba da mafi kyawun aiki.
●Matakan TDI:Wannan shine adadin layuka na firikwensin da za'a iya tara sigina akan su. Yawancin matakan TDI da kyamara ke da shi, mafi tsayin lokacin bayyanarsa zai iya zama. Ko kuma, da saurin abin da batun hoto zai iya motsawa, samar da kyamarar tana da isasshen layin layi.
●Yawan Layi:Layuka nawa ne kamara za ta iya karantawa a cikin daƙiƙa guda. Wannan yana ƙayyade iyakar saurin motsi wanda kamara zata iya ci gaba da shi.
●Ƙimar Ƙididdigar: Wannan yana nuni da hankalin kamara ga haske a tsawon magudanun ruwa daban-daban, wanda aka ba shi ta hanyar yiwuwar gano photon da ya faru da kuma samar da photoelectron. Ƙarfin ƙididdiga mafi girma na iya bayar da ƙananan ƙarfin haske, ko aiki da sauri yayin kiyaye matakan sigina iri ɗaya.
Bugu da ƙari, kyamarori sun bambanta akan kewayon tsayin tsayin da za a iya samun kyakkyawar fahimta, tare da wasu kyamarori suna ba da hankali har zuwa ƙarshen bakan ultraviolet (UV), a kusan tsawon 200nm.
●Karanta Surutu:Kara karantawa shine sauran mahimman abubuwan da ke cikin hankalin kamara, yana ƙayyade ƙaramar siginar da za'a iya ganowa sama da bene a hayaniyar kyamara. Tare da amo mai girma, ba za a iya gano fasalulluka masu duhu ba kuma an rage kewayo mai ƙarfi sosai, ma'ana haske mai haske ko tsayin faɗuwa & saurin motsi dole ne a yi amfani da shi.
Bayanan TDI: menene mahimmanci?
A halin yanzu, ana amfani da kyamarori na TDI don duba yanar gizo, kayan lantarki da binciken masana'antu, da sauran aikace-aikacen hangen nesa na inji. A gefen wannan akwai ƙalubalen ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikace masu ƙarancin haske kamar hoton haske da duban faifai.
Duk da haka, tare da gabatarwar babban sauri, ƙaramar amo, babban hankali TDI CMOS kyamarori, akwai babban yuwuwar saurin gudu da haɓaka haɓakawa a cikin sabbin aikace-aikacen da a baya kawai ke amfani da kyamarori-scan na yanki. Kamar yadda muka gabatar a farkon labarin, kyamarorin TDI na iya zama mafi kyawun zaɓi don cimma babban gudu da halayen hoto don ko dai batutuwan hoto a cikin motsi akai-akai, ko kuma inda za'a iya duba kyamarar a cikin batutuwa masu ɗaukar hoto.
Misali, a cikin aikace-aikacen microscopy, zamu iya kwatanta saurin saye na ka'idar pixel 9K, kyamarar TDI mataki 256 tare da 5 µm pixels zuwa kyamarar yanki na kyamarar 12MP tare da pixels 5 µm. Bari mu bincika samun yanki na 10 x 10 mm tare da haɓaka 20x ta hanyar motsa matakin.
1. Yin amfani da maƙasudin 20x tare da kyamarar sikanin yanki zai sadar da filin hoto na 1.02 x 0.77 mm.
2. Tare da kyamarar TDI, za a iya amfani da maƙasudin 10x tare da ƙarin haɓakawa na 2x don shawo kan duk wani iyakancewa a cikin filin kallo na microscope, don sadar da 2.3mm filin kallon hoto a kwance.
3. Zaton 2% pixel zoba tsakanin hotuna don dalilai na dinki, 0.5 seconds don matsar da mataki zuwa wurin da aka saita, da lokacin bayyanar 10ms, zamu iya lissafin lokacin da kyamarar yankin zata ɗauka. Hakazalika, za mu iya ƙididdige lokacin da kyamarar TDI za ta ɗauka idan matakin yana ci gaba da tafiya akai-akai don dubawa a cikin Y, tare da lokacin bayyanarwa a kowane layi.
4. A wannan yanayin, kyamarar sikanin yanki na buƙatar samun hotuna 140, tare da daƙiƙa 63 da aka kashe yana motsa matakin. Kyamarar TDI za ta sami hotuna masu tsayi 5 kawai, tare da daƙiƙa 2 kawai da aka kashe don matsar da matakin zuwa shafi na gaba.
5. Jimlar lokacin da aka kashe don samun yanki na 10 x 10 mm zai kasance64.4 seconds don kyamarar binciken yanki,kuma kawai9.9 seconds don kyamarar TDI.
Idan kuna son ganin ko kyamarar TDI zata iya dacewa da aikace-aikacen ku kuma ta biya bukatun ku, tuntuɓe mu a yau.
