25/07/31Kodayake a cikin 2025, na'urori masu auna firikwensin CMOS sun mamaye hoton kimiyya da na mabukaci, ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba.
CCD tana nufin 'Na'urar Haɗaɗɗen Caji', kuma na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD sune ainihin na'urorin firikwensin kyamarar dijital, waɗanda aka fara haɓakawa a cikin 1970. CCD- da EMCCD na kyamarorin da aka fi ba da shawarar don aikace-aikacen kimiyya har zuwa ƴan shekaru kaɗan da suka wuce. Dukansu fasahohin har yanzu suna wanzuwa a yau, kodayake amfani da su ya zama alkibla.
Adadin haɓakawa da haɓaka na'urori masu auna firikwensin CMOS yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin waɗannan fasahohin ya ta'allaka ne kan yadda suke sarrafawa da karanta bayanan cajin lantarki da aka gano.
Menene Sensor CCD?
CCD firikwensin nau'in firikwensin hoto ne da ake amfani da shi don ɗaukar haske da canza shi zuwa sigina na dijital. Ya ƙunshi ɗimbin pixels masu haske waɗanda ke tattara hotuna da juya su zuwa cajin lantarki.
Karatun firikwensin CCD ya bambanta da CMOS ta hanyoyi uku masu mahimmanci:
● Canja wurin caji: Photoelectrons da aka kama ana motsa su ta hanyar lantarki pixel-zuwa-pixel a fadin firikwensin zuwa wurin karantawa a ƙasa.
● Karatun Injini: Maimakon jeri na analog zuwa dijital (ADCs) masu aiki a layi daya, CCDs suna amfani da ADC guda ɗaya ko biyu (ko wasu lokuta fiye) waɗanda ke karanta pixels jere.
Capacitor da Amplifier Wuri: A wurin capacitors da amplifiers a kowane pixel, kowane ADC yana da capacitor da amplifier guda ɗaya.
Ta yaya CCD Sensor ke Aiki?
Ga yadda firikwensin CCD ke aiki don siye da sarrafa hoto:
Hoto: Tsarin karantawa don firikwensin CCD
A ƙarshen bayyanar su, na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD sun fara motsa cajin da aka tattara zuwa cikin wurin ma'ajiyar abin rufe fuska a cikin kowane pixel (ba a nuna ba). Sannan, layi ɗaya a lokaci guda, ana matsar da caji cikin rajistar karantawa. Shafi ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya, ana karanta cajin da ke cikin rajistar karantawa.
1. Sharer Caji: Don fara sayan, ana share caji lokaci guda daga dukkan firikwensin (shutter na duniya).
2. Tarin CajiCaji yana taruwa yayin fallasa.
3. Ajiye Caji: A ƙarshen fallasa, ana matsar da cajin da aka tattara zuwa wani yanki mai rufe fuska na kowane pixel (wanda ake kira interline transfer CCD), inda za su iya jira a karanta ba tare da an ƙidaya sabbin hotunan hoto ba.
4. Bayyanar Frame na gaba: Tare da cajin da aka gano da aka adana a cikin abin rufe fuska na pixels, yanki mai aiki na pixels zai iya fara bayyanar firam na gaba (yanayin zoba).
5. Karatun Jeri: Jeri ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya, ana matsar da caji daga kowane jere na firam ɗin da aka gama zuwa cikin 'rejistar karantawa'.
6. Karatun Karshe: Shafi ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya, caji daga kowane pixel ana rufe su cikin kullin karantawa don karantawa a ADC.
7. Maimaituwa: Wannan tsari yana maimaitawa har sai an gano caji a duk pixels.
Wannan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan da aka samu ta hanyar ƙaramar lamba (wani lokaci ɗaya) na maki karantawa, yana haifar da iyakancewa mai tsanani a cikin bayanan na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD idan aka kwatanta da CMOS.
Ribobi da Fursunoni na CCD Sensors
| Ribobi | Fursunoni |
| Karancin Dark Yanzu Yawanci ~0.001 e⁻/p/s lokacin da aka sanyaya. | Iyakantaccen Saurin Kayan aiki na Musamman ~ 20 MP/s - yayi hankali fiye da CMOS. |
| Akan-Pixel Binning Charges ana tattarawa kafin karantawa, rage hayaniya. | Babban Hayaniyar Karatu 5-10 e⁻ abu ne gama gari saboda karanta karatun ADC mai maki ɗaya. |
| Global Shutter Gaskiya na duniya ko kusa-duniya rufewa a cikin tsaka-tsaki/canja wurin CCDs. | Girman Girman Pixel Ba zai iya dacewa da ƙaramar tayin CMOS ba. |
| Babban Haɗin Hoto Mai Kyau don ƙididdige hoto. | Babban Amfanin Wutar Wuta Yana buƙatar ƙarin wuta don sauyawa caji da karantawa. |
Ribobi na CCD Sensor
● Ƙananan duhu A halin yanzu: A zahiri a matsayin fasaha, na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD suna da ƙarancin halin yanzu duhu, yawanci akan tsari na 0.001 e-/p/s lokacin da aka sanyaya.
● 'On-pixel' Binning: Lokacin binning, CCDs suna ƙara caji kafin karantawa, ba bayan karantawa ba, ma'ana ba a gabatar da ƙarin ƙarar ƙarar ba. Dark halin yanzu yana ƙaruwa, amma kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, wannan yawanci yana da ƙasa sosai.
● Rufe Duniya: 'Interline' na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD suna aiki tare da rufewar gaskiya ta duniya. 'Frame Canja wurin' CCD na'urori masu auna firikwensin suna amfani da abin rufewa 'rabin duniya' (duba yankin 'Masked' na Hoto na 45) - Tsarin canja wurin firam don farawa da ƙarshen fallasa ba da gaske ba ne, amma yawanci yana ɗaukar tsari na 1-10 microse seconds. Wasu CCD suna amfani da rufewar injina.
Fursunoni na CCD Sensors
● Gudun iyakaMatsakaicin bayanai na yau da kullun a cikin pixels a sakan daya na iya zama a kusa da 20 Megapixels a sakan daya (MP/s), daidai da hoton 4 MP a 5 fps. Wannan yana kusa da 20x a hankali fiye da daidai CMOS, kuma aƙalla 100x hankali fiye da CMOS mai sauri.
● Hayaniyar Karatu: Karanta amo a cikin CCDs yana da girma, galibi saboda buƙatar gudanar da ADC(s) a babban ƙimar don cimma saurin kamara mai amfani. 5 zuwa 10 e- shine gama gari don manyan kyamarori na CCD.
● Manyan Pixels: Don aikace-aikace da yawa, ƙananan pixels suna ba da fa'ida. Tsarin gine-gine na CMOS na yau da kullun yana ba da damar ƙarami mafi ƙarancin girman pixel fiye da CCD.
● Babban Amfani da Wuta: Abubuwan da ake buƙata na wutar lantarki don gudanar da na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD sun fi CMOS girma.
Aikace-aikace na CCD Sensors a cikin Hoto na Kimiyya
Kodayake fasahar CMOS ta sami shahara, har yanzu ana fifita firikwensin CCD a wasu aikace-aikacen hoto na kimiyya inda ingancin hoto, azanci, da daidaito ke da mahimmanci. Ƙarfinsu na iya ɗaukar ƙananan sigina masu haske tare da ƙaramar amo ya sa su dace don ainihin aikace-aikace.
Ilimin taurari
Na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD suna da mahimmanci a cikin hoton taurari saboda iyawarsu ta kama suma daga taurari da taurari masu nisa. Ana amfani da su ko'ina a duka wuraren dubawa da kuma ci-gaba mai son ilimin taurari don dogon fallasa astrohotography, sadar da bayyanannu, cikakkun hotuna.
Microscope da Kimiyyar Rayuwa
A cikin ilimin kimiyyar rayuwa, ana amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD don kama siginar haske mai rauni ko tsarin salon salula. Babban hankalinsu da daidaituwar daidaito ya sa su zama cikakke don aikace-aikace kamar microscopy mai kyalli, hoton tantanin halitta, da ilimin cututtukan dijital. Amsar hasken su na layi yana tabbatar da ingantaccen ƙididdigar ƙididdiga.
Binciken Semiconductor
Na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD suna da mahimmanci a masana'antar semiconductor, musamman don duba wafer. Babban ƙudirin su da daidaiton ingancin hoto suna da mahimmanci don gano lahani na ƙananan sikelin a cikin kwakwalwan kwamfuta, tabbatar da daidaiton da ake buƙata a samar da semiconductor.
X-ray da Hoto na Kimiyya
Hakanan ana amfani da firikwensin CCD a cikin tsarin gano X-ray da sauran aikace-aikacen hoto na musamman. Ƙarfin su na kula da ƙimar sigina mai girma, musamman lokacin da aka sanyaya, yana da mahimmanci don bayyana hoto a cikin yanayi masu ƙalubale kamar crystallography, nazarin kayan aiki, da gwaji marasa lalacewa.
Shin na'urorin CCD har yanzu suna da mahimmanci a yau?
Tucsen H-694 & 674 CCD Kamara
Duk da saurin haɓakar fasahar CMOS, na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD sun yi nisa daga tsufa. Sun kasance zaɓin da aka fi so a cikin ƙananan haske mai ƙaƙƙarfan ayyuka na hoto, inda ingancin hotonsu da halayen surutu ke da mahimmanci. A cikin fagage kamar zurfin sararin samaniya ko ci-gaba mai kyalli, kyamarori na CCD sukan fi fifita yawancin hanyoyin CMOS.
Fahimtar ƙarfi da raunin na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD yana taimaka wa masu bincike da injiniyoyi su zaɓi fasahar da ta dace don takamaiman buƙatun su, yana tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki a aikace-aikacen su na kimiyya ko masana'antu.
FAQs
Yaushe zan zaɓi firikwensin CCD?
Na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD ba su da yawa a yau fiye da shekaru goma da suka gabata, yayin da fasahar CMOS ta fara mamaye ko da ƙarancin aikinsu na duhu. Koyaya, koyaushe za a sami aikace-aikacen inda haɗin halayen aikinsu-kamar ingancin hoto, ƙaramar amo, da babban hankali-yana ba da fa'ida.
Me yasa kyamarori na kimiyya suke amfani da na'urori masu sanyaya na CCD?
Sanyaya yana rage hayaniyar zafi yayin ɗaukar hoto, inganta tsabtar hoto da azanci. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman ga ƙananan haske da hoton kimiyya mai tsayi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin masu girmakyamarori na kimiyyadogara ga CCDs masu sanyaya don samun mafi tsafta, ingantaccen sakamako.
Menene yanayin haɗuwa a cikin firikwensin CCD da EMCCD, kuma ta yaya yake inganta aikin kamara?
Na'urori masu auna firikwensin CCD da EMCCD galibi suna iya 'yanayin zoba'. Don kyamarori masu rufewa na duniya, wannan yana nufin ikon karanta firam ɗin da ya gabata yayin fallasa firam na gaba. Wannan yana haifar da babban sake zagayowar ayyuka (kusan 100%), ma'ana mafi ƙarancin lokacin da ake ɓata ba tare da fallasa firam ɗin zuwa haske ba, don haka ƙimar firam mafi girma.
Lura: Yanayin daidaitawa yana da ma'ana dabam don na'urorin firikwensin shutter.
Idan kana son ƙarin koyo game da rolling shutters, da fatan za a danna:
Yadda Yanayin Kula da Shutter Rolling ke Aiki da Yadda Ake Amfani da shi
Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Duk haƙƙin mallaka. Lokacin ambato, da fatan za a yarda da tushen:www.tucsen.com
