Nkag siab CCD Sensors: Lawv Yog Dab Tsi thiab Lawv Ua Li Cas |

Txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv 2025, CMOS sensors dominates scientific thiab cov neeg siv cov duab zoo ib yam, qhov no tsis yog ib txwm muaj.

CCD sawv cev rau 'Charge-Coupled Device', thiab CCD sensors yog thawj lub koob yees duab digital sensors, thawj zaug tsim nyob rau xyoo 1970. CCD- thiab EMCCD-raws li lub koob yees duab tau pom zoo rau cov ntawv thov kev tshawb fawb txog li ob peb xyoos dhau los. Ob lub thev naus laus zis tseem muaj sia nyob niaj hnub no, txawm tias lawv siv tau dhau los ua niche.

Tus nqi ntawm kev txhim kho thiab kev loj hlob ntawm CMOS sensors tseem nce ntxiv. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev lawv ua thiab nyeem tawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Dab tsi yog CCD Sensor?

CCD sensor yog ib hom duab sensor siv los ntes lub teeb thiab hloov mus rau hauv cov teeb liab digital. Nws muaj cov array ntawm lub teeb-sensitive pixels uas sau photons thiab tig mus rau hauv hluav taws xob nqi.

CCD sensor readout txawv ntawm CMOS nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev tseem ceeb:

● Kev Them Nyiaj: Photoelectrons ntes tau electrostatically txav pixel-rau-pixel hla lub sensor mus rau qhov chaw nyeem ntawv hauv qab.
● Readout Mechanism: Hloov ntawm tag nrho kab ntawm analogue rau digital converters (ADCs) ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv tib lub sijhawm, CCDs tsuas yog siv ib lossis ob ADCs (lossis qee zaum ntau dua) uas nyeem pixels ua ntu zus.

Capacitor thiab Amplifier Placement: Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm capacitor thiab amplifiers nyob rau hauv txhua pixel, txhua ADC muaj ib tug capacitor thiab amplifier.

CCD Sensor ua haujlwm li cas?

Nov yog li cas CCD sensor ua haujlwm kom tau txais thiab ua cov duab:

Daim duab: Readout txheej txheem rau CCD sensor

Thaum kawg ntawm lawv qhov raug, CCD sensors ua ntej txav cov nqi mus rau hauv qhov chaw npog qhov ncauj hauv txhua pixel (tsis pom). Tom qab ntawd, ib kab ntawm ib lub sij hawm, cov nqi raug hloov mus rau hauv cov ntawv sau npe nyeem. Ib kab ntawm ib lub sij hawm, tsub nqi nyob rau hauv lub readout register yog nyeem tawm.

1. Kev Them Nyiaj: Txhawm rau pib qhov tau txais, tus nqi yog ib txhij tshem tawm ntawm tag nrho cov sensor (lub ntiaj teb kaw).
2. Kev them nyiaj yug: Charges accumulates thaum raug.
3. Charge Cia: Thaum kawg ntawm qhov raug, cov nqi sau tau raug hloov mus rau thaj chaw npog ntawm txhua lub pixel (hu ua interline hloov CCD), qhov chaw uas lawv tuaj yeem tos nyeem ntawv yam tsis muaj photons tshiab raug suav.
4. Tawm ntawm Next Frame: Nrog rau kev kuaj pom cov nqi khaws cia hauv thaj chaw npog ntawm pixels, thaj chaw nquag ntawm pixels tuaj yeem pib nthuav tawm ntawm tus ncej tom ntej (kev sib tshooj).
5. Sequential Readout: Ib kab ntawm ib lub sij hawm, tsub nqi los ntawm txhua kab ntawm cov thav duab tiav tau tsiv mus rau hauv 'readout register'.
6. Kev Nyeem Ntawv Kawg: Ib kem ntawm ib lub sij hawm, tsub nqi los ntawm txhua pixel yog shuttleed mus rau lub readout node rau readout ntawm ADC.
7. Rov ua dua: Cov txheej txheem no rov ua dua kom txog thaum kuaj pom cov nqi hauv txhua pixels suav.

Qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no tshwm sim los ntawm txhua qhov kev kuaj pom tau raug nyeem los ntawm tus lej me (qee zaum ib) ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyeem, ua rau muaj kev txwv loj hauv cov ntaub ntawv dhau los ntawm CCD sensors piv rau CMOS.

Pros thiab Cons ntawm CCD Sensors

Pros	Cons
Tsawg Tsaus Tam Sim No Feem ntau ~ 0.001 e⁻/p/s thaum txias.	Txwv Ceev Ib yam dhau los ~ 20 MP / s - qeeb qeeb dua CMOS.
On-Pixel Binning Charges yog summed ua ntej nyeem ntawv, txo suab nrov.	High Read Noise 5–10 e⁻ yog qhov tshwm sim vim qhov kev nyeem ntawv ADC ib leeg.
Ntiaj teb Shutter Tseeb thoob ntiaj teb lossis ze-ntiaj teb kaw hauv interline/frame-transfer CCDs.	Loj Pixel Sizes tsis tuaj yeem phim qhov miniaturization CMOS muab.
High Image Uniformity Zoo heev rau quantitative imaging.	Kev siv hluav taws xob siab xav tau lub zog ntau dua rau kev hloov pauv thiab nyeem ntawv.

Qhov zoo ntawm CCD Sensor

● Tsawg tsaus nti tam sim no: Inherently raws li ib tug technology, CCD sensors yuav muaj tsawg heev tam sim no tsaus nti, feem ntau ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 0.001 e-/p/s thaum txias.
● 'On-pixel' Binning: Thaum binning, CCDs ntxiv cov nqi ua ntej nyeem ntawv, tsis yog tom qab, lub ntsiab lus tsis muaj suab nrov nyeem ntxiv. Tsaus tam sim no nce, tab sis raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, qhov no feem ntau qis heev.
● Ntiaj teb no Shutter: 'Interline' CCD sensors ua haujlwm nrog lub ntiaj teb kaw qhov tseeb. 'Frame Transfer' CCD sensors siv lub 'ib nrab ntiaj teb' shutter (saib 'Masked' cheeb tsam ntawm daim duab 45) - cov txheej txheem hloov mus rau qhov pib thiab xaus tsis yog tib lub sijhawm, tab sis feem ntau yuav siv sijhawm li ntawm 1-10 microseconds. Qee CCDs siv cov tshuab kaw.

Cons ntawm CCD Sensors

● Txwv ceev: Cov ntaub ntawv raug dhau los hauv pixels ib ob tuaj yeem nyob ib puag ncig 20 Megapixels ib ob (MP / s), sib npaug rau 4 MP duab ntawm 5 fps. Qhov no yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 20x qeeb dua qhov sib npaug CMOS, thiab tsawg kawg yog 100x qeeb dua li kev kub ceev CMOS.
● Siab nyeem ntawv nrov: Nyeem cov suab nrov hauv CCDs siab, feem ntau yog vim qhov xav tau khiav ADC ntawm tus nqi siab kom ua tiav lub koob yees duab ceev. 5 txog 10 e- yog ib txwm muaj rau high-end CCD koob yees duab.
● Loj dua Pixels: Rau ntau daim ntawv thov, me me pixels muab qhov zoo. Hom CMOS architecture tso cai rau qhov tsawg kawg nkaus pixel qhov ntau dua li CCD.
● Kev siv hluav taws xob siab: Lub zog xav tau rau kev khiav CCD sensors ntau dua li CMOS.

Kev siv ntawm CCD Sensors hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb

Txawm hais tias CMOS thev naus laus zis tau txais koob meej, CCD sensors tseem nyiam nyob rau hauv qee qhov kev siv duab kos duab uas cov duab zoo, rhiab heev, thiab sib xws yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lawv lub peev xwm zoo tshaj los ntes cov teeb liab qis nrog lub suab nrov tsawg ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau cov ntawv thov raug.

Astronomy

CCD sensors yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv astronomical imaging vim lawv muaj peev xwm mus ntes faint light los ntawm cov hnub qub nyob deb thiab galaxies. Lawv tau dav siv nyob rau hauv observatories thiab advanced amateur astronomy rau ntev-exposure astrophotography, xa cov duab meej, ntxaws.

Microscopy thiab Life Sciences

Hauv kev tshawb fawb txog lub neej, CCD sensors yog siv los ntes cov cim tsis muaj zog fluorescence lossis cov qauv ntawm cov cellular hloov maj mam. Lawv qhov rhiab heev thiab sib xws ua rau lawv zoo meej rau cov ntawv thov xws li fluorescence microscopy, nyob hauv cell imaging, thiab digital pathology. Lawv cov lus teb ntawm lub teeb pom kev ua kom muaj tseeb qhov kev txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb.

Kev tshuaj xyuas semiconductor

CCD sensors yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim khoom semiconductor, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tshuaj xyuas wafer. Lawv cov kev daws teeb meem siab thiab cov duab zoo ib yam yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txheeb xyuas qhov tsis xws luag ntawm micro-scale hauv cov chips, kom ntseeg tau tias qhov yuav tsum tau muaj hauv cov khoom siv semiconductor.

X-ray thiab Scientific imaging

CCD sensors kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv X-ray nrhiav kom pom thiab lwm yam kev siv duab tshwj xeeb. Lawv lub peev xwm los tswj cov teeb liab-rau-lub suab nrov sib piv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum txias, yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev pom tseeb hauv cov teeb meem nyuaj xws li crystallography, kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thiab kev sim tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj.

Puas yog CCD Sensors tseem cuam tshuam hnub no?

Tucsen H-694 & 674 CCD Lub Koob Yees Duab

Txawm hais tias kev txhim kho sai ntawm CMOS thev naus laus zis, CCD sensors nyob deb ntawm kev siv tsis tau. Lawv nyob twj ywm ib qho kev xaiv hauv ultra-low light thiab high-precision imaging paub tab, qhov twg lawv cov duab tsis sib xws thiab cov yam ntxwv suab nrov yog qhov tseem ceeb. Hauv cov teb xws li qhov chaw sib sib zog nqus astronomy lossis cov fluorescence microscopy siab heev, CCD cov koob yees duab feem ntau ua tau zoo dua ntau yam CMOS.

Kev nkag siab txog qhov muaj zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog ntawm CCD sensors pab cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tsim qauv xaiv cov cuab yeej tsim nyog rau lawv cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb, ua kom pom kev ua haujlwm zoo hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb lossis kev lag luam.

FAQs

Thaum twg kuv yuav tsum xaiv CCD sensor?

CCD sensors tsis tshua muaj hnub no ntau dua li kaum xyoo dhau los, raws li CMOS thev naus laus zis pib nkag mus rau txawm tias lawv qhov kev ua haujlwm tsaus nti tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, yuav ib txwm muaj cov ntawv thov uas lawv ua ke ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev ua tau zoo-xws li cov duab zoo dua, tsis muaj suab nrov, thiab siab rhiab heev - muab qhov zoo dua.

Vim li cas cov koob yees duab tshawb fawb siv txias CCD sensors?

Cov cua txias txo cov suab nrov thaum lub sijhawm thaij duab, txhim kho cov duab meej thiab rhiab heev. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau lub teeb qis thiab qhov ntev ntawm kev pom kev tshawb fawb, uas yog vim li cas ntau lub high-endkoob yees duab scientifictso siab rau CCDs txias kom huv si, cov txiaj ntsig raug dua.

Dab tsi yog hom sib tshooj hauv CCD thiab EMCCD sensors, thiab nws txhim kho lub koob yees duab zoo li cas?

CCD thiab EMCCD sensors feem ntau muaj peev xwm ntawm 'overlap hom'. Rau lub koob yees duab kaw thoob ntiaj teb, qhov no yog hais txog lub peev xwm los nyeem tawm cov ncej yav dhau los thaum lub sijhawm nthuav tawm ntawm tus ncej tom ntej. Qhov no ua rau lub siab (ze li 100%) lub voj voog ua haujlwm, txhais tau tias lub sijhawm tsawg tsawg yog nkim tsis nthuav cov thav duab rau lub teeb, thiab yog li tus nqi siab dua.

Nco tseg: Overlap hom muaj lub ntsiab lus sib txawv rau dov shutter sensors.

Yog tias koj xav paub ntau ntxiv txog dov shutters, thov nyem:

Yuav Ua Li Cas Rolling Shutter Control Hom Ua Haujlwm Thiab Yuav Siv Li Cas