22/07/13Time Delay Integration (TDI) ndi njira yojambulira yomwe idakhalapo kale pazithunzi za digito - koma zomwe zimaperekabe zabwino zambiri pamapeto a kujambula lero. Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe makamera a TDI amatha kuwala - onse pamene mutu wojambula ukuyenda:
1 - Nkhani yojambulira imayenda mwachibadwa ndi liwiro losalekeza, monga kuyang'ana pa intaneti (monga kusanthula mapepala osuntha a mapepala, pulasitiki kapena nsalu chifukwa cha zolakwika ndi zowonongeka), mizere ya msonkhano, kapena micro fluidics ndi kutuluka kwamadzimadzi.
2 - Nkhani zongoyerekeza zomwe zitha kujambulidwa ndi kamera kusuntha kuchokera kudera kupita kumalo, mwina ndikusuntha mutu kapena kamera. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo microscope slide scanning, kuyendera zipangizo, kuyang'ana gulu lathyathyathya etc.
Ngati zina mwa izi zitha kugwira ntchito pamaganizidwe anu, tsamba ili likuthandizani kulingalira ngati kusintha kuchokera ku makamera amtundu wa 2-dimensional 'area scan' kupita ku Line Scan TDI makamera kungakulimbikitseni kujambula.
Vuto ndi Area-Scan & Moving Targets
● Kusasunthika
Nkhani zina zamaganizidwe zikuyenda mofunikira, mwachitsanzo pakuyenda kwamadzimadzi kapena kuyang'ana pa intaneti. M'mapulogalamu ena, monga slide sikani ndi kuyang'anira zida, kuyendetsa mutu kumatha kukhala mwachangu komanso kothandiza kuposa kuyimitsa kusuntha kwa chithunzi chilichonse chomwe mwapeza. Komabe, kwa makamera ojambulira madera, ngati chithunzicho chikuyenda molingana ndi kamera, izi zitha kukhala zovuta.
Kusasunthika komwe kumasokoneza chithunzi chagalimoto yoyenda
M'malo okhala ndi zowunikira zochepa kapena pomwe mawonekedwe apamwamba amafunikira, nthawi yayitali yowonekera pa kamera ingafuneke. Komabe, kusuntha kwa mutuwo kufalitsa kuwala kwake pama pixel angapo a kamera panthawi yowonekera, zomwe zimatsogolera ku 'kusokoneza mayendedwe'. Izi zitha kuchepetsedwa posunga zowonetsa zazifupi kwambiri - panthawi yomwe zingatengere mfundo pamutuwu kuti mudutse pixel ya kamera. Izi ndiunnthawi zambiri amawononga zithunzi zakuda, zaphokoso, nthawi zambiri zosagwiritsidwa ntchito.
●Kusoka
Kuphatikiza apo, kujambula zithunzi zazikulu kapena mosalekeza zokhala ndi makamera ojambulira dera kumafuna kupeza zithunzi zingapo, zomwe zimalumikizidwa pamodzi. Kusoka uku kumafuna mapikiselo odutsana pakati pa zithunzi zoyandikana nazo, kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito ndikuwonjezera kusungirako ndi kukonza zofunikira.
●Kuwala kosagwirizana
Kuphatikiza apo, kuwunikirako sikukhala kokwanira kuti apewe zovuta ndi zojambulajambula pamalire pakati pa zithunzi zosokedwa. Komanso, kuti tiunikire pamalo okulirapo okwanira kuti kamera yoyang'ana m'deralo ikhale ndi mphamvu zokwanira nthawi zambiri pamafunika kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi amphamvu kwambiri, okwera mtengo kwambiri a DC.
Kuwala kosagwirizana pakusoka kupeza zithunzi zambiri za ubongo wa mbewa. Chithunzi chochokera kwa Watson et al. 2017: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180486
Kodi kamera ya TDI ndi chiyani, ndipo imathandizira bwanji?
Mu makamera wamba a 2-dimensional area-scan, pali magawo atatu opeza chithunzi: kukonzanso ma pixel, kuwonekera, ndi kuwerenga. Panthawi yowonekera, zithunzi zochokera pamalopo zimadziwika, zomwe zimapangitsa ma photoelectrons, omwe amasungidwa mu pixels za kamera mpaka kumapeto kwa kuwonekera. Makhalidwe a pixel iliyonse amawerengedwa, ndipo chithunzi cha 2D chimapangidwa. Ma pixel amasinthidwanso ndipo zolipiritsa zonse zimachotsedwa kuti ayambe kuwonekeranso.
Komabe, monga tafotokozera, ngati mutu wojambula ukuyenda molingana ndi kamera, kuwala kochokera pamutuwu kumatha kufalikira pa ma pixel angapo panthawiyi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusokonezeka. Makamera a TDI amagonjetsa izi pogwiritsa ntchito njira yatsopano. Izi zikuwonetsedwa mu [Kanema 1].
●Momwe Makamera a TDI Amagwirira Ntchito
Makamera a TDI amagwira ntchito m'njira yosiyana kwambiri yowunikira makamera. Pamene mutu wojambula umayenda pa kamera panthawi yowonekera, zolipiritsa zamagetsi zomwe zimapanga chithunzi chomwe wapeza zimasunthidwanso, kukhala zogwirizana. Panthawi yowonekera, makamera a TDI amatha kusakaniza zolipiritsa zonse zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera pamzere umodzi wa pixel kupita ku wina, pamodzi ndi kamera, yolumikizidwa ndi kusuntha kwa mutu wojambula. Nkhaniyo ikadutsa pa kamera, mzere uliwonse (wotchedwa 'TDI Stage'), umapereka mwayi watsopano wowonetsa kamera ku mutuwo, ndikudziunjikira chizindikiro.
Mzere wa zolipiritsa zikafika kumapeto kwa kamera, ndiye kuti mfundozo zimawerengedwa ndikusungidwa ngati gawo limodzi lachithunzichi. Chithunzi cha 2-D chimapangidwa pomamatira pamodzi chidutswa chilichonse chotsatizana cha chithunzicho pamene kamera ikuwerenga. Mzere uliwonse wa ma pixel pamayendedwe azithunzi ndi zithunzi zofanana ndi 'kagawo' ka mutu wa chithunzithunzi, kutanthauza kuti ngakhale kusuntha, palibe mdima.
●256x Kuwonekera Kwambiri
Ndi makamera a TDI, nthawi yowonekera bwino yachithunzichi imaperekedwa ndi nthawi yonse yomwe zimatengera kuti mudutse mizere iliyonse ya ma pixel, mpaka masitepe 256 omwe amapezeka pa makamera ena a TDI. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi yowonekera ndi yayikulu kuwirikiza 256 kuposa momwe kamera yowonera m'dera ingakwaniritse.
Izi zitha kubweretsa zabwino ziwiri, kapena zonse ziwiri. Choyamba, kukwera kwakukulu kwa liwiro la kujambula kumatha kuchitika. Poyerekeza ndi kamera yojambulira dera, mutu wojambula ukhoza kusuntha mpaka 256x mofulumira pamene ukugwirabe chizindikiro chofanana, kupereka mzere wa kamera mofulumira kuti upitirize.
Kumbali ina, ngati kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kukufunika, nthawi yowonekera yotalikirapo imatha kupangitsa zithunzi zapamwamba kwambiri, kutsika kowala kwambiri, kapena zonse ziwiri.
●Kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa data popanda kusokera
Popeza kamera ya TDI imapanga chithunzi cha 2-dimensional kuchokera ku magawo otsatizana a 1-dimensional, chithunzi chotsatira chikhoza kukhala chachikulu momwe chikufunikira. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma pixel omwe ali munjira ya 'horizontal' kumaperekedwa ndi kukula kwa kamera, mwachitsanzo ma pixel 9072, kukula kwa chithunzicho kulibe malire, ndipo kumangotsimikiziridwa ndi kutalika kwa kamera. Ndi mizere yofikira ku 510kHz, izi zitha kutulutsa ma data ambiri.
Kuphatikiza ndi izi, makamera a TDI amatha kupereka mawonekedwe otakata kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kamera ya 9072 ya pixel yokhala ndi ma pixel a 5µm imapereka malo opingasa a 45mm okhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba. Kuti mukwaniritse kukula kofananira komweko ndi kamera ya 5µm pixel area ingafunike makamera atatu a 4K mbali ndi mbali.
●Kuwongolera pamakamera ojambulira mzere
Makamera a TDI samangopereka zosintha pamakamera ojambulira malo. Makamera ojambulira mizere, omwe amangojambula mzere umodzi wa ma pixel, amakumananso ndi zovuta zambiri zofananira ndi kuwunikira komanso kuwonekera kwakanthawi ngati makamera ojambulira dera.
Ngakhale ngati makamera a TDI, makamera ojambulira mzere amapereka kuwala kowonjezereka ndi kukhazikitsidwa kosavuta, ndikupewa kufunika kosoka zithunzi, nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuunikira kwambiri komanso / kapena kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kuti agwire chizindikiro chokwanira cha chithunzi chapamwamba. Kuwonekera kwautali komanso kuthamanga kwa nkhani zomwe makamera a TDI amathandizira kumatanthauza kutsika kwambiri, kuyatsa kotsika mtengo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito ndikuwongolera luso la kujambula. Mwachitsanzo, chingwe chopangira chikhoza kusuntha kuchoka ku magetsi okwera mtengo, ogwiritsira ntchito magetsi a halogen omwe amafunikira mphamvu ya DC, kupita ku kuyatsa kwa LED.
Kodi makamera a TDI amagwira ntchito bwanji?
Pali miyeso itatu yodziwika bwino momwe mungakwaniritsire kujambula kwa TDI pa sensa ya kamera.
● CCD TDI- Makamera a CCD ndi mawonekedwe akale kwambiri a makamera a digito. Chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo amagetsi, kukwaniritsa khalidwe la TDI pa CCD n'kosavuta kwambiri, ndi makamera ambiri amatha kugwira ntchito motere. Ma TDI CCDs akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.
Komabe, ukadaulo wa CCD uli ndi malire ake. Kakulidwe kakang'ono kwambiri ka pixel komwe kamapezeka pamakamera a CCD TDI ndi pafupifupi 12µm x 12µm - izi, pamodzi ndi ma pixel ang'onoang'ono, zimachepetsa kuthekera kwa makamera kuthetsa tsatanetsatane. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthamanga kwa kupeza ndikotsika kuposa matekinoloje ena, pomwe phokoso lowerengera - chomwe chimalepheretsa kuyerekeza kwa kuwala kochepa - ndichokwera. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumakhalanso kwakukulu, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri pamapulogalamu ena. Izi zidayambitsa chikhumbo chopanga makamera a TDI kutengera kamangidwe ka CMOS.
●CMOS TDI Yoyambirira: Voltage-domain ndi digito mwachidule
Makamera a CMOS amagonjetsa phokoso lambiri & kuthamanga kwamakamera a CCD, pomwe akugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, ndikupereka ma pixel ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, machitidwe a TDI anali ovuta kwambiri kukwaniritsa makamera a CMOS, chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo a pixel. Pomwe ma CCD amasuntha ma photoelectrons mozungulira kuchokera ku pixel kupita ku pixel kuti azitha kuyang'anira sensa, makamera a CMOS amasintha ma siginecha mu ma photoelectrons kukhala ma voltages mu pixel iliyonse musanawerenge.
Makhalidwe a TDI pa sensa ya CMOS akhala akufufuzidwa kuyambira 2001, komabe, vuto la momwe angagwiritsire ntchito "kusonkhanitsa" kwa chizindikiro pamene kuwonekera kumayenda kuchokera pamzere umodzi kupita wina kunali kwakukulu. Njira ziwiri zoyambirira za CMOS TDI zomwe zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito m'makamera amalonda masiku ano ndi kusonkhanitsa ma voltage-domain ndi digito summing TDI CMOS. M'makamera ophatikiza ma voltage-domain, pamene mzere uliwonse wa siginecha umapezedwa pamene mutu woyerekeza umadutsa, voteji yopezeka imawonjezedwa pakompyuta pakupeza kwathunthu kwa gawolo la chithunzicho. Kuchulukitsa ma voltages motere kumabweretsa phokoso lowonjezera pagawo lililonse la TDI lomwe limawonjezedwa, ndikuchepetsa phindu la magawo owonjezera. Nkhani zokhala ndi mzere zimatsutsanso kugwiritsa ntchito makamerawa pakugwiritsa ntchito molondola.
Njira yachiwiri ndi digito summing TDI. Munjira iyi, kamera ya CMOS ikuyenda bwino mumayendedwe ojambulira m'dera ndikuwonetseredwa kwakanthawi kochepa kofananira ndi nthawi yotengedwa kuti wojambulayo adutse mzere umodzi wa pixel. Koma, mizere yochokera ku chimango chilichonse chotsatizana imawonjezedwa palimodzi pama digito kuti zotsatira za TDI zimaperekedwa. Monga kamera yonse iyenera kuwerengedwa pamzere uliwonse wa ma pixel mu chithunzi chotsatira, kuwonjezera kwa digito kumeneku kumawonjezeranso phokoso lowerengedwa pamzere uliwonse, ndikuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa kupeza.
●Muyezo wamakono: charge-domain TDI CMOS, kapena CCD-on-CMOS TDI
Zoletsa za CMOS TDI pamwambapa zagonjetsedwa posachedwa poyambitsa ndondomeko ya TDI CMOS, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti CCD-on-CMOS TDI. Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka masensa awa akuwonetsedwa mu [Animation 1]. Monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, masensawa amapereka kayendedwe ka CCD-ngati malipiro kuchokera ku pixel imodzi kupita ku yotsatira, kusonkhanitsa chizindikiro pa sitepe iliyonse ya TDI kupyolera mu kuwonjezera kwa ma photoelectrons pa mlingo wa zolipiritsa payekha. Izi ndizopanda phokoso. Komabe, zofooka za CCD TDI zimagonjetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga za CMOS, zomwe zimathandiza kuthamanga kwambiri, phokoso lochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa zomwe zimayendera makamera a CMOS.
Zolemba za TDI: zimafunikira chiyani?
●Zamakono:Chofunika kwambiri ndizomwe teknoloji ya sensor imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa. Charge-domain CMOS TDI ipereka magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri.
●Magawo a TDI:Ichi ndi chiwerengero cha mizere ya sensa yomwe siginecha imatha kudziunjikira. Magawo ambiri a TDI omwe kamera imakhala nayo, nthawi yake yowoneka bwino imatha kukhala yayitali. Kapena, momwe chithunzicho chimatha kusuntha mwachangu, kupatsa kamera kukhala ndi mizere yokwanira.
●Mtengo wa mzere:Ndi mizere ingati yomwe kamera imatha kuwerenga pamphindikati. Izi zimatsimikizira kuthamanga kwakukulu koyenda komwe kamera imatha kuyenda nayo.
●Kuchita bwino kwa Quantum: Izi zikuwonetsa kukhudzika kwa kamera kuti iwunikire pamafunde osiyanasiyana, kuperekedwa ndi mwayi woti chithunzithunzi chizindikirike ndikupanga photoelectron. Kuchita bwino kwa kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kumatha kupereka mphamvu zowunikira zochepa, kapena kugwira ntchito mwachangu ndikusunga ma siginecha omwewo.
Kuphatikiza apo, makamera amasiyana pa kutalika kwa mawonekedwe komwe kumveka bwino kungathe kupezedwa, ndi makamera ena omwe amapereka chidwi mpaka kumapeto kwa ultra-violet (UV) kwa sipekitiramu, mozungulira 200nm wavelength.
●Werengani Phokoso:Phokoso la kuwerenga ndi chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri pakukhudzika kwa kamera, kudziwa chizindikiro chochepera chomwe chingazindikiridwe pamwamba pa phokoso la kamera. Ndi phokoso lowerengedwa kwambiri, mawonekedwe amdima sangadziwike ndipo mitundu yosinthika imachepetsedwa kwambiri, kutanthauza kuwunikira kowala kapena nthawi yayitali yowonekera & kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zolemba za TDI: zimafunikira chiyani?
Pakadali pano, makamera a TDI amagwiritsidwa ntchito powunika pa intaneti, kuyang'anira zamagetsi ndi kupanga, ndi ntchito zina zamakina. Kumbali inayi pali zovuta zowunikira pang'ono monga kujambula kwa fluorescence ndi slide scanning.
Komabe, poyambitsa makamera othamanga kwambiri, phokoso lotsika, makamera a TDI CMOS okhudzidwa kwambiri, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kowonjezereka kwachangu komanso kogwira mtima pamapulogalamu atsopano omwe m'mbuyomu ankangogwiritsa ntchito makamera osanthula dera. Monga tidafotokozera koyambirira kwa nkhaniyi, makamera a TDI atha kukhala njira yabwino kwambiri yokwaniritsira kuthamanga kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba azithunzi za anthu ongoyerekeza omwe akuyenda kale, kapena pomwe kamera imatha kujambulidwa pamitu yongoyerekeza.
Mwachitsanzo, mu pulogalamu ya maikrosikopu, titha kufananiza liwiro lakupeza la 9K, kamera ya 256 stage TDI yokhala ndi ma 5 µm pixels ku kamera ya 12MP ya area area yokhala ndi ma pixel 5 µm. Tiyeni tiwone kupeza dera la 10 x 10 mm ndikukulitsa 20x posuntha siteji.
1. Kugwiritsa ntchito cholinga cha 20x ndi kamera yojambulira m'dera kungapereke gawo lowonera la 1.02 x 0.77 mm.
2. Ndi kamera ya TDI, cholinga cha 10x chokhala ndi kukula kwa 2x kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthana ndi malire aliwonse pazithunzi za microscope, kuti apereke chithunzithunzi cha 2.3mm chopingasa.
3. Kungotengera 2% kuphatikizika kwa ma pixel pakati pa zithunzi kuti asonke, masekondi 0.5 kuti musunthire siteji kupita pamalo okhazikitsidwa, ndi nthawi yowonekera 10ms, titha kuwerengera nthawi yomwe kamera yojambulira dera ingatenge. Momwemonso, titha kuwerengera nthawi yomwe kamera ya TDI ingatenge ngati sitejiyo idasungidwa mosasunthika kuti ijambule mbali ya Y, ndi nthawi yowonekera yomweyi pamzere uliwonse.
4. Pamenepa, kamera yojambulira m'dera ingafune zithunzi za 140 kuti zipezeke, ndi masekondi 63 omwe amatha kusuntha siteji. Kamera ya TDI ipeza zithunzi zazitali za 5 zokha, ndi masekondi awiri okha omwe amatha kusuntha siteji kupita kugawo lotsatira.
5. Nthawi yonse yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza dera la 10 x 10 mm ingakhaleMasekondi 64.4 a kamera yojambulira dera,ndi basiMasekondi 9.9 a kamera ya TDI.
Ngati mukufuna kuwona ngati kamera ya TDI ingagwirizane ndi pulogalamu yanu ndikukwaniritsa zosowa zanu, lemberani lero.
