25/08/21Kwilizwe lomfanekiso wedijithali, izinto ezimbalwa zobugcisa zinefuthe kumgangatho womfanekiso kangangoko kuhlobo lwesivalo sombane kwisivamvo sakho. Nokuba udubula iinkqubo zemizi-mveliso enesantya esiphezulu, ukufota ulandelelwano lwemiboniso bhanyabhanya, okanye uthatha i-astronomical phenomena, itekhnoloji yokuvala ngaphakathi kwekhamera yeCMOS idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela ophuma ngayo umfanekiso wakho wokugqibela.
Iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili zee-CMOS ze-electronic shutters, ii-shutters zehlabathi kunye nezivalo eziqengqelekayo, zithatha iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokutyhila kunye nokufunda ukukhanya kwi-sensor. Ukuqonda iiyantlukwano zabo, amandla, kunye nokurhweba kubalulekile ukuba ufuna ukuthelekisa inkqubo yakho yokucinga kwisicelo sakho.
Eli nqaku liza kucacisa ukuba zeziphi izivalo ze-elektroniki ze-CMOS, zisebenza njani ii-shutters zehlabathi kunye neziqengqelekayo, zisebenza njani kwiimeko zokwenyani zehlabathi, kunye nendlela yokuthatha isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi eyona ilungileyo kuwe.
Yintoni iCMOS Electronic Shutters?
I-sensor ye-CMOS yintliziyo yeekhamera ezininzi zanamhlanje. Inoxanduva lokuguqula ukukhanya okungenayo kube ziimpawu zombane ezinokuthi zisetyenzwe zibe ngumfanekiso. I "shutter" kwiIkhamera yeCMOSayingomkhusane womatshini-uyilo oluninzi lwangoku luxhomekeke kwisivalo sombane esilawula ukuba iipixels zibamba njani kwaye nini ukukhanya.
Ngokungafaniyo nesivalo soomatshini esivala ukukhanya ngokwasemzimbeni, isivalo sombane sisebenza ngokuqala nokumisa ukuhamba kwentlawulo ngaphakathi kwepikseli nganye. Kumfanekiso we-CMOS, kukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili zoyilo lwe-shutter ye-elektroniki: i-global shutter kunye ne-rolling shutter.
Kutheni umahluko ubalulekile? Kuba indlela yokuvezwa kunye nokufunda ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo:
● Ukunikezelwa kwentshukumo kunye nokugqwethwa
● Ububukhali bomfanekiso
● Ubuthathaka bokukhanya okuphantsi
● Ireyithi yesakhelo kunye nokubambezeleka
● Ukufaneleka ngokupheleleyo kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokufota, ividiyo, kunye nemifanekiso yenzululwazi
Ukuqonda i-Global Shutter
Umthombo: GMAX3405 Global Shutter Sensor
Isebenza njani iShutter yeGlobal
Iikhamera zeCMOS Global shutter ziqala kwaye ziphelise ukuvezwa kwazo ngaxeshanye kuyo yonke inzwa. Oku kuphunyezwa kusetyenziswa iitransistors ezi-5 okanye ngaphezulu ngepixel nganye, kunye 'nestoragenode' egcina intlawulo ye-photoelectron efunyenweyo ngexesha lokufunda. Ulandelelwano lokuvezwa luhamba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1. Qalisa ukuba sesichengeni ngaxeshanye kwipixel nganye ngokususa iintlawulo ezifunyenweyo phantsi.
2. Linda ixesha elikhethiweyo lokuvezwa.
3. Ekupheleni kokuvezwa, hambisa iintlawulo ezifunyenweyo kwindawo yokugcina kwipikseli nganye, ukuphelisa ukuvezwa kweso sakhelo.
4. Umqolo ngomqolo, hambisa ii-electron kwi-pixel's readout capacitor, kwaye udlulisele i-voltage eqokelelweyo kwi-readout architecture, iphelele kwi-analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs). Ukuvezwa okulandelayo kunokwenziwa ngaxeshanye neli nyathelo.
Izinto eziluncedo kwi-Global Shutter
● Akukho ukuPhathwa kweMotion - Izifundo ezihambayo zigcina imilo kunye nejometri ngaphandle kwe-skew okanye i-wobble enokuthi yenzeke ngokufunda ngokulandelelana.
● I-High-Speed Capture - Ilungele intshukumo yokukhenkceza kwiindawo ezihamba ngokukhawuleza, ezifana nezemidlalo, iirobhothi, okanye ukulawula umgangatho wokuvelisa.
● I-Low Latency - Yonke idatha yomfanekiso ifumaneka kanye, ivumela ulungelelwaniso oluchanekileyo kunye neziganeko zangaphandle, ezifana ne-laser pulses okanye izibane ze-strobe.
Unyino lwe-Global Shutter
● Uvakalelo lokuKhanya okuPhantsi – Olunye uyilo lwepikseli yesivalo sehlabathi luncama ukuqokelelwa kokukhanya okusebenzayo ukulungiselela ukusetwa okufunekayo ukuze kuvezwe ngaxeshanye.
● Iindleko eziPhakamileyo kunye nokuntsonkotha - Ukwenziwa komceli mngeni, kudla ngokukhokelela kumaxabiso aphezulu xa kuthelekiswa noogxa be-rolling shutter.
● Ukubanakho kweNgxolo eYandisiweyo - Kuxhomekeke kuyilo lwesinzwa, i-electronics eyongezelelweyo ngepikseli nganye inokukhokelela kwingxolo ephezulu kancinane yokufunda.
Ukuqonda i-Rolling Shutter
Isebenza njani i-Rolling Shutter
Ukusebenzisa kuphela ii-transistors ezi-4 kwaye akukho node yokugcina, le ndlela ilula yoyilo lwe-pixel ye-CMOS ikhokelela kumsebenzi onzima we-shutter ye-elektroniki. Ukuqengqeleka kwepixels ezivalayo ziqala kwaye zimise ukuvezwa kwesivamvo umqolo omnye ngexesha, 'ukuqengqeleka' phantsi kwesivamvo. Ulandelelwano oluchaseneyo (nalo lubonisiwe kumzobo) lulandelwa kutyhileko ngalunye:
Umzobo: Inkqubo yokuvala i-shutter ye-6x6 pixel sensor yekhamera
Isakhelo sokuqala siqala ukuvezwa (tyheli) kumphezulu wesixhobo soluvo, itshayela ezantsi kwireyithi yomgca omnye ngexesha lomgca. Nje ukuba i-exposure igqitywe kumgca ophezulu, i-read out (purple) ilandelwa kukuqala kokuvezwa okulandelayo (blue) itshayele phantsi inzwa.
1. Qalisa ukuvezwa kumqolo ongaphezulu wenzwa ngokususa iintlawulo ezifunyenweyo emhlabeni.
2. Emva kokuba 'ixesha lomqolo' lidlulile, yiya kumqolo wesibini we-sensor kwaye uqalise ukuvezwa, uphinda-phinda phantsi inzwa.
3. Nje ukuba ixesha lokuvezwa eliceliweyo liphelile kumqolo ongasentla, phelisa utyhileko ngokuthumela iindleko ezifunyenweyo nge-readout architecture. Ixesha elithathiweyo ukwenza oku 'lixesha lomqolo'.
4. Nje ukuba ukufunda kugqitywe kumqolo, sele kukulungele ukuqalisa ukuba sesichengeni kwakhona ukusuka kwiNyathelo 1, nokuba oko kuthetha ukuthintana neminye imiqolo eyenza utyhileko oludlulileyo.
Izinto eziluncedo kwi-Rolling Shutter
●Ukusebenza okuNgcono okuPhantsi kokuKhanya-Uyilo lwe-pixel lunokubeka phambili ukuqokelela ukukhanya, ukuphucula umlinganiselo wesignali-kwingxolo kwiimeko ezimnyama.
●Uluhlu oluPhezulu lweDynamic-Uyilo olulandelelanayo lokufunda lunokuphatha iimbalasane eziqaqambileyo kunye nethunzi elimnyama ngobubele ngakumbi.
●Iyafikeleleka ngakumbi-Izinzwa zeCMOS ezisisivalo zixhaphake kakhulu kwaye zineendleko zokwenziwa.
Unyino lwe-Rolling Shutter
●Ii-Artifacts ezishukumayo-Izifundo ezihamba ngokukhawuleza zinokubonakala zigobile okanye zigobile, ezaziwa ngokuba "yi-rolling shutter effect."
●I-Jello Effect kwiVidiyo-Imifanekiso ephathwayo ephathwayo eshukumayo okanye i-panning ekhawulezileyo inokubangela ukushukuma emfanekisweni.
●Imingeni yongqamaniso-Ayilunge kakhulu kwizicelo ezifuna ixesha elichanekileyo kunye neziganeko zangaphandle.
I-Global vs. Rolling Shutter: Uthelekiso olusecaleni
Nantsi imbono ekwinqanaba eliphezulu lendlela ukuqengqeleka kunye nezivalo zehlabathi zithelekiseka ngayo:
| Uphawu | I-Rolling Shutter | Isivalo sehlabathi |
| Uyilo lwePixel | I-4-transistor (4T), akukho node yokugcina | I-5+ transistors, ibandakanya i-node yokugcina |
| Ubuthathaka bokukhanya | Into yokuzalisa ephezulu, ilungelelaniswe ngokulula kwifomati ekhanyiswe ngasemva → ephezulu QE | Into yokuzalisa esezantsi, i-BSI inzima ngakumbi |
| Ukusebenza kwengxolo | Ngokubanzi isezantsi ingxolo yokufunda | Inokuba nengxolo ephezulu kancinci ngenxa yesekethe eyongeziweyo |
| Ukugqwethwa kweMotion | Okunokwenzeka (i-skew, i-wabble, i-jello effect) | Akukho nanye - zonke iipixels zivezwe ngaxeshanye |
| Isantya esinokwenzeka | Iyakwazi ukutyhutyha imiboniso kwaye ifunde imiqolo emininzi; rhoqo ngokukhawuleza kwezinye uyilo | Umda ngokufunda ngesakhelo esipheleleyo, nangona ulwahlulo lokufunda lunganceda |
| Iindleko | Iindleko ezisezantsi zokuvelisa | Iindleko eziphezulu zokuvelisa |
| Amatyala osetyenziso olugqwesileyo | Imifanekiso yokukhanya okuphantsi, i-cinematography, ukufota ngokubanzi | Ukuthathwa kwentshukumo enesantya esiphezulu, uhlolo lwemizi-mveliso, i-metrology echanekileyo |
Umahluko weNtsebenzo engundoqo
Iiphikseli ezisisivalo eziqengqelekayo zisebenzisa i-4-transistor (4T) uyilo ngaphandle kwendawo yokugcina, ngelixa izivalo zelizwe jikelele zifuna i-5 okanye ngaphezulu iitransistors ngepixel nganye kunye neesekethe ezongezelelweyo zokugcina ii-photoelectrons phambi kokuba zifundwe.
●Gcwalisa iFactor kunye novakalelo-Ulwakhiwo olulula lwe-4T luvumela into ephezulu yokuzaliswa kwe-pixel, okuthetha ukuba ngaphezulu komphezulu wepixel nganye inikezelwe ekuqokeleleni ukukhanya. Olu luyilo, ludityaniswe nenyaniso yokuba i-rolling shutter sensors inokulungiswa ngokulula kwifomathi ekhanyiswe ngasemva, ihlala ikhokelela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu komyinge.
●Ukusebenza kwengxolo-Ii-transistors ezimbalwa kunye neesekethe ezingantsonkothanga ngokubanzi zithetha ukuba izivalo eziqengqelekayo zibonisa ingxolo yokufunda esezantsi, zizenza zifaneleke ngcono kwizicelo zokukhanya okuphantsi.
●Isantya esinokwenzeka-Ii-rolling shutters zinokukhawuleza kwi-architectures ezithile kuba zivumela ukuvezwa okungaphezulu kunye nokufunda, nangona oku kuxhomekeke kakhulu kuyilo lwe-sensor kunye nokufunda i-elektroniki.
Iindleko kunye nokuVeliswa - Ubulula bokuqengqeleka kwe-pixels ezivalayo ngokuqhelekileyo ziguqulela kwiindleko eziphantsi zemveliso xa kuthelekiswa nezivalo zehlabathi.
Iingqwalasela eziPhambili kunye nobuChwephesha
I-Pseudo-Global Shutter
Kwiimeko apho unokulawula ngokuchanekileyo xa ukukhanya kufikelela kwi-sensor-njengokusebenzisa i-LED okanye umthombo wokukhanya we-laser obangelwa yi-hardware-unokufikelela kwiziphumo "ezifana nehlabathi" nge-shutter rolling. Le ndlela yokuvala isivalo-jikelele ingqamanisa ukukhanya kunye nefestile yokuvezwa, icutha izinto zakudala ezishukumayo ngaphandle kokufuna uyilo lokwenyani lwesivalo sehlabathi.
Ukugqithelana komfanekiso
Abenzi boluvo abasisivalo abaqengqelekayo banokuqalisa ukubonisa isakhelo esilandelayo phambi kokuba ufundo lwesakhelo sangoku sigqitywe. Olu tyhileko ludlulanayo luphucula umjikelo womsebenzi kwaye luluncedo kwizicelo ezinesantya esiphezulu apho ukuthatha elona nani liphezulu lezakhelo ngesekondi kubalulekile, kodwa kungenza nzima imifuniselo evavanya ixesha.
Ukufundwa kwemiqolo emininzi
Iikhamera ezininzi ze-CMOS ezinesantya esiphezulu zinokufunda ngaphezu komqolo omnye weepikseli ngexesha. Kwezinye iindlela, imiqolo ifundwa ngababini; kuyilo oluphambili, ukuya kuthi ga kwimiqolo emine inokufundwa ngaxeshanye, kuncitshiswe ngokupheleleyo ixesha lokufunda lesakhelo.
I-Split Sensor Architecture
Zombini i-rolling kunye ne-global shutters zingasebenzisa i-sensor yokwahlula i-sensor, apho i-sensor yomfanekiso ihlulwe ngokuthe nkqo ibe ngamacandelo amabini, nganye inomqolo wayo we-ADCs.
● Kwizivamvo zokwahlula isivalo esiqengqelekayo, ukufunda kudla ngokuqala embindini kwaye kuqengqelekela ngaphandle ukuya phezulu nasezantsi, oko kunciphisa ngakumbi ukubambezeleka.
● Kuyilo lwesivalo sehlabathi, ukufunda ukwahlula kungaphucula imilinganiselo yesakhelo ngaphandle kokutshintsha ukuvezwa kwangaxeshanye.
Unokukhetha njani kwiSicelo sakho: Ukuqengqeleka okanye iShutter yeGlobal?
Isivalo sehlabathi singanceda usetyenziso
● Funa ukuchaneka okuphezulu kwexesha leziganeko
● Ifuna amaxesha amafutshane kakhulu okuba sesichengeni
● Funa ulibaziseko lwemizuzu engaphantsi kwemillisecond phambi kokuqala kokufunyanwa ukuze ungqamanise nomsitho.
● Fumana intshukumo yobungakanani obukhulu okanye iintshukumo kwisikali sexesha esifanayo okanye esikhawulezayo kwisivalo esiqengqelekayo
● Funa ukufumana ngaxeshanye ngaphaya kwesivamvo, kodwa ayikwazi ukulawula imithombo yokukhanya ukuze isebenzise isivalo sobumbo-jikelele kwindawo enkulu.
I-rolling shutter inokuba luncedo kwiinkqubo
● Ucelomngeni kwizicelo zokukhanya okuphantsi: Ukusebenza komthamo owongezelelweyo kunye nengxolo ephantsi yeekhamera ezivalayo zihlala zikhokelela ekuphuculweni kwe-SNR.
● Ukusetyenziswa kwesantya esiphezulu apho ixesha elichanekileyo kwisixhobo soluvo kungabalulekanga, okanye ukulibaziseka kuncinci xa kuthelekiswa namaxesha ovavanyo.
● Ezinye izicelo eziqhelekileyo apho ukwenziwa lula kunye neendleko ezisezantsi zeekhamera ezivalayo ziluncedo
Iingcamango Eziphosakeleyo eziqhelekileyo
1. "I-rolling shutter ihlala imbi."
Ayiyonyani-izivalo eziqengqelekayo zilungele iimeko ezininzi zokusetyenziswa kwaye zihlala zigqwesa izivalo zehlabathi ekukhanyeni okuphantsi kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo.
2. "I-shutter yehlabathi ihlala ingcono."
Ngelixa ukuthathwa okungaphazamisiyo kuyinzuzo, ukurhweba kwiindleko, ingxolo, kunye nobuntununtunu kunokodlula izibonelelo zokucinga okuhamba kancinci.
3. "Awukwazi ukudubula ividiyo nge-rolling shutter."
Iikhamera ezininzi ze-cinema eziphezulu zisebenzisa i-rolling shutters ngokufanelekileyo; ubuchule bokudubula ngononophelo bunokunciphisa izinto zakudala.
4. "Ii-shutters zehlabathi zisusa konke ukufiphala kwentshukumo."
Banqanda ukugqwetheka kwejometri, kodwa ukufiphala kwentshukumo ukusuka kumathuba amade okuvezwa kusengenzeka.
Ukuqukumbela
Ukhetho phakathi kwetekhnoloji ye-shutter yehlabathi kunye ne-rolling shutter kwikhamera ye-CMOS ibilisa kwibhalansi phakathi kokuphatha intshukumo, ubuntununtunu bokukhanya, iindleko, kunye neemfuno zakho zosetyenziso.
● Ukuba ufuna i-distortion-free capture kwimiboniso ehamba ngokukhawuleza, i-global shutter lukhetho olucacileyo.
● Ukuba ubeka phambili ukusebenza kokukhanya okuphantsi, uluhlu oluguqukayo, kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali, isivalo esiqengqelekayo sisoloko sizisa ezona ziphumo zingcono.
Ukuqonda lo mahluko kuqinisekisa ukuba unokukhetha isixhobo esifanelekileyo-nokuba sesomfanekiso wenzululwazi, uqwalaselo lweshishini, okanye imveliso yokuyila.
Ii-FAQs
Loluphi uhlobo lwesivalo olulunge ngakumbi ukufota emoyeni okanye kwimephu yedrone?
Ukwenza imephu, uphononongo, kunye nokuhlola apho ukuchaneka kwejometri kubalulekile, i-shutter yehlabathi ikhethwa ukuphepha ukugqwetheka. Nangona kunjalo, kwividiyo yokuyila yasemoyeni, isivalo esiqengqelekayo sisenokuzisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo ukuba iintshukumo zilawulwa.
Ingaba ukhetho lwesivalo luyichaphazela njani imifanekiso yokukhanya okuphantsi?
Izivalo eziqengqelekayo zinenzuzo ekusebenzeni kukukhanya okuphantsi kuba uyilo lwazo lwe-pixel lunokubeka phambili ukusebenza kakuhle kokuqokelela ukukhanya. Izivalo zehlabathi zinokufuna ukujikeleza okuntsonkothileyo okunokunciphisa kancinci ubuntununtunu, nangona uyilo lwangoku luvala lo msantsa.
Ingaba uhlobo lwesivalo luchaphazela njani aikhamera yenzululwazi?
Kwimifanekiso yenzululwazi enesantya esiphezulu—efana nokulandela amasuntswana, ukuguquguquka kweeseli, okanye iballistics—isivalo sehlabathi sisoloko siyimfuneko ukuze siphephe ukugqwetheka kwentshukumo. Kodwa kwi-microscopy ye-fluorescence ephantsi yokukhanya, iIkhamera ye-sCMOSngesivalo esiqengqelekayo sinokukhethwa ukwandisa ubuntununtunu kunye noluhlu oluguqukayo.
Yeyiphi ingcono kuhlolo lwemizi-mveliso?
Kwimisebenzi emininzi yokuhlolwa kwemizi-mveliso-ingakumbi leyo ibandakanya amabhanti okuhambisa ahambayo, iirobhothi, okanye umbono womatshini-i-shutter yehlabathi lukhetho olukhuselekileyo lokuqinisekisa imilinganiselo echanekileyo ngaphandle kweempazamo zejometri ezishukumayo.
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