22/07/13Ukudityaniswa kwexesha lokulibaziseka (TDI) bubuchule bokucinga obubonisa kwangaphambili umhla wokucinga ngedijithali - kodwa oko kusabonelela ngeenzuzo ezinkulu kumda wokucinga namhlanje. Kukho iimeko ezimbini apho iikhamera ze-TDI zinokukhanya-zombini xa umxholo wokucinga ushukuma:
I-1 - Isifundo somfanekiso sihamba ngokwemvelo kunye nesantya esiqhubekayo, njengokuhlolwa kwewebhu (njengokuskena amaphepha ahambayo ephepha, iplastiki okanye indwangu yeziphene kunye nomonakalo), imigca yendibano, okanye i-micro fluidics kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi.
I-2 - Izifundo ze-imaging ezinokuthi zifanekiselwe yikhamera ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwindawo, ngokuhambisa isihloko okanye ikhamera. Imizekelo ibandakanya ukuskena isilayidi ngemicroscope, ukuhlolwa kwemathiriyeli, ukuhlolwa kwephaneli ecaba njl.njl.
Ukuba enye yezi meko inokusebenza kumfanekiso wakho, eli phepha lewebhu liza kukunceda uqwalasele ukuba utshintsho olusuka kwiikhamera zesiqhelo ze-2-dimensional 'zendawo yokuskena' ukuya kwiikhamera ze-Line Scan TDI zinokunika umfanekiso wakho ukomelela.
Ingxaki ngeAarea-Scan & Moving Targets
● Ukungacaci kwentshukumo
Ezinye izifundo ze-imaging zihamba ngokuyimfuneko, umzekelo ukuhamba kwamanzi okanye ukuhlolwa kwewebhu. Kwezinye iinkqubo, ezifana nokuskena isilayidi kunye nokuhlolwa kwemathiriyeli, ukugcina isihloko sishukuma kunokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye kusebenze ngakumbi kunokumisa intshukumo kumfanekiso ngamnye ofunyenweyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiikhamera zokuskena indawo, ukuba umxholo wokufota uyashukuma xa uthelekiswa nekhamera, oku kunokuba ngumngeni.
Intshukumo efiphalisayo igqwetha umfanekiso wesithuthi esihambayo
Kwiimeko ezinokukhanya okulinganiselweyo okanye apho iimpawu zomfanekiso ophezulu zifuneka, ixesha elide lokuvezwa kwekhamera lisenokufunwa. Nangona kunjalo, intshukumo yesihloko iya kusasaza ukukhanya kwayo phezu kweepikseli ezininzi zekhamera ngexesha lokuvezwa, okukhokelela 'ku-blur eshukumayo'. Oku kunokuncitshiswa ngokugcina utyhileko lufutshane kakhulu-phantsi kwexesha elinokulithatha inqaku elithile kumxholo ukunqumla i-pixel yekhamera. Le yileunngokuqhelekileyo ngeendleko zemifanekiso emnyama, enengxolo, ehlala ingasebenzi.
●Ukuthunga
Ukongeza, ukwenza umfanekiso wezifundo ezinkulu okanye eziqhubekayo kunye neekhamera zokuskena kwendawo kufuna ukufunyanwa kwemifanekiso emininzi, ethi ithungwe kunye. Oku kuthungwa kufuna iipixels ezidlulanayo phakathi kwemifanekiso engummelwane, ukunciphisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokwandisa ukugcinwa kwedatha kunye neemfuno zokucwangcisa.
●Ukukhanya okungalinganiyo
Ngaphezu koko, ukhanyiso alufane lwanele ukunqanda imiba kunye nezinto zobugcisa kwimida phakathi kwemifanekiso ethungiweyo. Kwakhona, ukubonelela ngokhanyiso kwindawo enkulu eyaneleyo yekhamera yendawo-scan enobunzulu obaneleyo kudla ngokufuna ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu, imithombo yokukhanya ye-DC enexabiso eliphezulu.
Ukukhanya okungalinganiyo ekuthungeni ukufunyanwa kwemifanekiso emininzi yengqondo yempuku. Umfanekiso ovela kuWatson et al. 2017: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180486
Yintoni ikhamera ye-TDI, kwaye inceda njani?
Kwiikhamera eziqhelekileyo ezine-2-dimensional area-scan, kukho izigaba ezithathu zokufumana umfanekiso: ukusetwa kwakhona kwe-pixel, ukuvezwa, kunye nokufunda. Ngexesha lokuvezwa, iifotoni ezisuka kwindawo zifunyenwe, ezikhokelela kwiifotoelectrons, ezigcinwe kwiipikseli zekhamera kude kube sekupheleni kokuvezwa. Amaxabiso asuka kwipixel nganye emva koko afundwe, kuze kwenziwe umfanekiso we-2D. Iipixels ke zisetwa ngokutsha kwaye zonke iintlawulo ziyacinywa ukuqalisa utyhileko olulandelayo.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kukhankanyiwe, ukuba umxholo womfanekiso ushukuma ngokuhambelana nekhamera, ukukhanya okuvela kwisifundo kunokusasazeka kwiipikseli ezininzi ngexesha lokuvezwa, okukhokelela kubumnyama bentshukumo. Iikhamera ze-TDI ziyaloyisa esi sithintelo zisebenzisa ubuchule obutsha. Oku kubonisiwe ku[Upopayi 1].
●Zisebenza njani iikhamera ze-TDI
Iikhamera ze-TDI zisebenza ngendlela eyahlukileyo ngokusisiseko ukuya kwindawo yokuskena iikhamera. Njengoko umxholo wokucinga ushukuma kwikhamera ngexesha lokuvezwa, iintlawuliso ze-elektroniki ezenza umfanekiso ofunyenweyo nazo ziyasuswa, zihlale zingqamana. Ngexesha lokuvezwa, iikhamera ze-TDI ziyakwazi ukutshixa zonke iintlawulo ezifunyenweyo ukusuka kumqolo omnye weepikseli ukuya kolandelayo, ecaleni kwekhamera, ehambelana nokushukuma kwesihloko somfanekiso. Njengoko umxholo ushukuma kwikhamera, umqolo ngamnye (owaziwa ngokuba 'yi-TDI Stage'), unika ithuba elitsha lokubonisa ikhamera kwisifundo, kunye nomqondiso wokuqokelela.
Nje ukuba umqolo weentlawulo ezifunyenweyo ufikelele esiphelweni sekhamera, kuphela emva koko amaxabiso afundwa kwaye agcinwe njenge-1-dimensional slice yomfanekiso. Umfanekiso we-2-D wenziwe ngokuncamathela kunye isilayi ngasinye esilandelelanayo somfanekiso njengoko ikhamera iwafunda. Umqolo ngamnye weepixels kwiziphumo zeengoma zomfanekiso kunye nemifanekiso 'yesiqwenga' esifanayo sesihloko somfanekiso, okuthetha ukuba ngaphandle kwentshukumo, akukho mfiliba.
●256x Ukutyhileka okude
Ngeekhamera ze-TDI, ixesha elisebenzayo lokuvezwa komfanekiso linikezelwa lonke ixesha elithathayo kwinqaku elithile kwisifundo ukunqumla yonke imigca yeepikseli, kunye nezigaba ezifikelela kuma-256 ezifumaneka kwezinye iikhamera ze-TDI. Oku kuthetha ukuba ixesha elikhoyo lokuvezwa linamandla ngokuphindwe ngama-256 kunokuba ikhamera yescan yendawo inokufikelela.
Oku kunokuzisa nayiphi na kwezi ziphuculo ezimbini, okanye ibhalansi yazo zombini. Okokuqala, ukonyuswa okubalulekileyo kwisantya sokucinga kunokufezekiswa. Xa kuthelekiswa nekhamera yendawo yokuskena, umxholo wokucinga unokuhamba ukuya kwi-256x ngokukhawuleza ngelixa uthatha umlinganiselo ofanayo wesignali, ukubonelela ngesantya somgca wekhamera ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukugcina.
Kwelinye icala, ukuba uvakalelo olukhulu luyafuneka, ixesha elide lokuvezwa linokwenza imifanekiso ekumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu, ukukhanya okusezantsi kokukhanya, okanye zombini.
●Ugqithiso lwedatha enkulu ngaphandle kokuthunga
Ekubeni ikhamera ye-TDI ivelisa umfanekiso we-2-dimensional ukusuka kwi-1-dimensional slices, umfanekiso ovelayo unokuba mkhulu njengoko kufuneka. Ngelixa inani leepixels kwicala 'elithe tyaba' linikwa bububanzi bekhamera, umzekelo 9072 pixels, ubungakanani 'the nkqo' bomfanekiso abunamda, kwaye bumiselwa nje ukuba ikhamera iqhutywa ixesha elingakanani na. Ngamazinga omgca ukuya kuthi ga kwi-510kHz, oku kunokuhambisa umthamo omkhulu wedatha.
Idityaniswe nale, iikhamera ze-TDI zinokubonelela ngemimandla ebanzi kakhulu yokujonga. Umzekelo, ikhamera ye-9072 ye-pixel ene-5µm pixels inika indawo ethe tye yokujonga i-45mm enesisombululo esiphezulu. Ukufezekisa ububanzi bomfanekiso obufanayo nge-5µm pixel indawo yokuskena ikhamera kuya kufuna ukuya kuthi ga kwiikhamera ze-4K ezintathu ecaleni.
●Uphuculo phezu iikhamera scan line
Iikhamera ze-TDI azinikeli nje uphuculo ngaphezu kweekhamera zokuskena indawo. Iikhamera zokuskena umgca, ezibamba umgca omnye weepikseli, zikwanengxaki yemicimbi emininzi efanayo ngokukhanya okukhanyayo kunye nokuvezwa okufutshane njengeekhamera zokuskena kwendawo.
Nangona njengeekhamera ze-TDI, iikhamera zokuskena umgca zinika ukukhanya ngakumbi ngokuseta okulula, kwaye zinqande imfuno yokuthungwa komfanekiso, zihlala zifuna ukukhanya okubukhali kakhulu kunye / okanye intshukumo yesifundo esicothayo ukuze ibambe isiginali eyaneleyo yomfanekiso okumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuvezwa okude kunye nesantya sesifundo esikhawulezayo esenziwa ziikhamera ze-TDI kuthetha ukuqina okuphantsi, ukukhanya kwexabiso eliphantsi kunokusetyenziswa ngelixa kuphuculwa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemifanekiso. Ngokomzekelo, umgca wokuvelisa unokukwazi ukuhamba ukusuka kwiindleko eziphezulu, izibane ze-halogen zokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu ezifuna amandla e-DC, ukukhanya kwe-LED.
Zisebenza njani iikhamera ze-TDI?
Kukho imigangatho emithathu eqhelekileyo yendlela yokufezekisa umfanekiso we-TDI kwinzwa yekhamera.
● I-CCD TDI-Iikhamera zeCCD zezona ndlela zindala zeekhamera zedijithali. Ngenxa yoyilo lwe-elektroniki, ukufikelela kwisimilo se-TDI kwiCCD kulula kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa, kwaye uninzi lwabenzi boluvo lwekhamera ngokwendalo bayakwazi ukusebenza ngale ndlela. IiCCD ze-TDI ke ngoko bezisetyenziswa amashumi eminyaka.
Nangona kunjalo, iteknoloji yeCCD inemida yayo. Obona bukhulu bepixel buncinci obuqhele ukufumaneka kwiikhamera zeCCD TDI ijikeleze i-12µm x 12µm - oku, kunye nezibalo ezincinci zepixel, kunciphisa amandla ekhamera ukusombulula iinkcukacha ezintle. Ngaphezu koko, isantya sokufumana sisezantsi kunezinye iitekhnoloji, ngelixa kufundwa ingxolo- eyona nto ithintelayo ekucingeni ukukhanya okuphantsi-iphezulu. Usetyenziso lwamandla luphezulu, nto leyo eyona nto iphambili kwezinye izicelo. Oku kukhokelele kumnqweno wokudala iikhamera ze-TDI ezisekelwe kuyilo lweCMOS.
●Early CMOS TDI: Voltage-domain kunye noshwankathelo lwedijithali
Iikhamera ze-CMOS zoyisa uninzi lwengxolo kunye nesantya sokunciphisa iikhamera zeCCD, ngelixa zisebenzisa amandla amancinci, kwaye zibonelela ngeesayizi ezincinci zepixel. Nangona kunjalo, ukuziphatha kwe-TDI kwakunzima kakhulu ukufikelela kwiikhamera ze-CMOS, ngenxa yoyilo lwabo lwe-pixel. Ngelixa iiCCDs zihambisa iifotoelectrons zijikeleza ukusuka kwipikseli ukuya kwipikseli ukulawula inzwa, iikhamera zeCMOS ziguqula imiqondiso kwiifotoelectrons ukuya kwivoltages kwipixel nganye ngaphambi kokuba ifundwe.
Ukuziphatha kwe-TDI kwi-sensor ye-CMOS iye yaphononongwa ukususela ngo-2001, nangona kunjalo, umceli mngeni wendlela yokusingatha 'ukuqokelelwa' komqondiso njengoko utyhileko lushukuma ukusuka kumqolo omnye ukuya komnye wawubalulekile. Iindlela ezimbini zokuqala ze-CMOS TDI ezisasetyenziswa kwiikhamera zorhwebo namhlanje kukuqokelelwa kwe-voltage-domain kunye ne-digital summing TDI CMOS. Kwiikhamera zokuqokelela i-voltage-domain, njengoko umqolo ngamnye wesiginali ufunyanwa njengoko umxholo wokucinga udlula, umbane ofunyenweyo wongezwa nge-elektroniki ekufumaneni iyonke loo ndawo yomfanekiso. Ukuqokelela amandla ombane ngale ndlela kwazisa ingxolo eyongezelelweyo kwinqanaba ngalinye le-TDI elongezelelweyo elongezelelweyo, ukunciphisa inzuzo yezigaba ezongezelelweyo. Imiba ehambelana nomgca ikwacela umngeni ekusebenziseni ezi khamera kwizicelo ezichanekileyo.
Indlela yesibini yi-digital summing TDI. Ngale ndlela, ikhamera ye-CMOS isebenza ngokufanelekileyo kwimowudi yokuskena yendawo kunye nokuvezwa okufutshane kakhulu okuhambelana nexesha elithatyathiweyo lomfanekiso wokuhamba kumqolo omnye weepikseli. Kodwa, imiqolo evela kwisakhelo ngasinye esilandelelanayo yongezwa kunye ngokwedijithali ngendlela yokuba isiphumo se-TDI sinikezelwe. Njengoko ikhamera yonke kufuneka ifundwe kumqolo ngamnye weepikseli kumfanekiso ovelayo, oku kudityaniswa kwedijithali kongeza ingxolo efundwayo kumqolo ngamnye, kwaye kunciphisa isantya sokufumana.
●Umgangatho wale mihla: i-domain yentlawulo ye-TDI CMOS, okanye i-CCD-on-CMOS TDI
Imida ye-CMOS TDI engentla yoyiswe kutsha nje ngokuziswa kwe-charge-domain accumulation TDI CMOS, ekwaziwa njengeCCD-on-CMOS TDI. Ukusebenza kwezi luvo kubonisiwe kwi [Upopayi 1]. Njengoko igama lisitsho, ezi zinzwa zibonelela nge-CCD-intshukumo yeentlawulo ukusuka kwipikseli enye ukuya kwelinye, iqokelela isiginali kwinqanaba ngalinye le-TDI ngokudityaniswa kweefotoelectrons kwinqanaba leentlawulo zomntu ngamnye. Oku akunangxolo. Nangona kunjalo, imida yeCCD TDI yoyiswa ngokusetyenziswa koyilo lweCMOS lokufunda, okwenza ukuba izantya eziphezulu, ingxolo ephantsi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi okuqhelekileyo kwiikhamera zeCMOS.
Iimpawu ze-TDI: yintoni ebalulekileyo?
●Itekhnoloji:Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba yeyiphi iteknoloji ye-sensor esetyenziswayo njengoko kuxoxwe ngasentla. I-Charge-domain ye-CMOS TDI iya kuzisa owona msebenzi ubalaseleyo.
●Amanqanaba e-TDI:Eli linani lemiqolo yoluvo apho isignali inokuqokelelwa khona. Xa ikhamera inamanqanaba amaninzi e-TDI, kokukhona ixesha layo elisebenzayo lokuvezwa linokuba lide. Okanye, ngokukhawuleza isihloko somfanekiso sinokushukuma, ukunika ikhamera inereyithi eyaneleyo yomgca.
●Ireyithi yomgca:Mingaphi imiqolo enokuthi ifundwe yikhamera ngesekhondi. Oku kumisela esona santya siphezulu sentshukumo enokuthi ikhamera iqhubeke nayo.
●Ukusebenza kakuhle kweQuantum: Oku kubonisa ubuntununtunu bekhamera ekukhanyeni kwi-wavelengths eyahlukileyo, kunikwe amathuba okuba ifoton yesiganeko ibhaqwe kwaye ivelise i-photoelectron. Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-quantum kunokubonelela ngamandla okukhanya aphantsi, okanye ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza ngelixa ugcina amanqanaba omqondiso ofanayo.
Ukongeza, iikhamera ziyahluka kuluhlu lwamaza apho ubuntununtunu obulungileyo bunokufikelelwa khona, ezinye iikhamera zibonelela ngovakalelo ukuya kuthi ga kwisiphelo se-ultra-violet (UV) sespectrum, malunga ne-200nm wavelength.
●Funda ingxolo:Ingxolo yokufunda yenye into ebalulekileyo kubuntununtunu bekhamera, emisela ubuncinci bophawu olunokubonwa ngaphezulu komgangatho wengxolo wekhamera. Ngengxolo ephezulu yokufunda, iimpawu ezimnyama azinakubonwa kwaye uluhlu oluguqukayo luncitshiswe kakhulu, okuthetha ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo okanye amaxesha okuvezwa amade kunye nezantya ezicothayo zentshukumo kufuneka zisetyenziswe.
Iimpawu ze-TDI: yintoni ebalulekileyo?
Okwangoku, iikhamera ze-TDI zisetyenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwewebhu, i-electronics kunye nokuhlolwa kokuveliswa kwemveliso, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokujonga umatshini. Ecaleni koku kukho umngeni kwizicelo zokukhanya okuphantsi okunje ngemifanekiso ye-fluorescence kunye nokuskena isilayidi.
Nangona kunjalo, ngokungeniswa kwesantya esiphezulu, ingxolo ephantsi, ubuntununtunu obuphezulu beekhamera ze-TDI CMOS, kukho amandla amakhulu okunyuka kwesantya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwizicelo ezitsha ebezisebenzisa iikhamera zokuskena indawo ngaphambili. Njengoko sazise ekuqaleni kwenqaku, iikhamera ze-TDI inokuba lolona khetho lulungileyo lokufikelela kwizantya eziphakamileyo kunye neempawu zomfanekiso ophakamileyo wezifundo zemifanekiso eshukumayo esele ishukuma, okanye apho ikhamera inokuskenwa kuzo zonke izifundo zokucinga ezimileyo.
Umzekelo, kwi-microscopy application, sinokuthelekisa isantya sokufunyanwa kwethiyori ye-9K pixel, i-256 yenqanaba lekhamera ye-TDI ene-5 µm pixels ukuya kwi-12MP yekhamera yendawo yokuskena ikhamera ene-5 µm pixels. Masivavanye ukufumana indawo ye-10 x 10 mm ene-20x yokukhulisa ngokuhambisa iqonga.
1. Ukusebenzisa injongo ye-20x ngekhamera yendawo yokuskena kuya kuzisa indawo yokujonga umfanekiso we-1.02 x 0.77 mm.
2. Ngekhamera ye-TDI, injongo ye-10x ene-2x yokwandisa okongeziweyo ingasetyenziselwa ukunqoba nayiphi na imida kwibala lokujonga le-microscope, ukuhambisa i-2.3mm ibala lokujonga elithe tye.
3. Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-2% yepixel iyaphisana phakathi kwemifanekiso ngeenjongo zokuthunga, imizuzwana eyi-0.5 ukuhambisa iqonga kwindawo emiselweyo, kunye nexesha lokuvezwa le-10ms, sinokubala ixesha elinokuthatyathwa yikhamera yendawo yokuskena. Ngokufanayo, singakwazi ukubala ixesha ikhamera ye-TDI eya kuthatha ukuba iqonga ligcinwe kwintshukumo eqhubekayo ukuskena kwicala le-Y, kunye nexesha elifanayo lokuvezwa kumgca ngamnye.
4. Kule meko, ikhamera yendawo yokuskena iya kufuna ukuba kufunyanwe imifanekiso eyi-140, kunye nemizuzwana engama-63 echithwe ukuhambisa iqonga. Ikhamera ye-TDI yayiza kufumana imifanekiso emi-5 kuphela, kunye nemizuzwana emi-2 kuphela echithwe ngokuhambisa iqonga kwikholamu elandelayo.
5. Ixesha lilonke elichithwe ekufumaneni indawo eyi-10 x 10 mm iya kubaImizuzwana engama-64.4 yekhamera yendawo yokuskena,kwaye njeImizuzwana eyi-9.9 yekhamera ye-TDI.
Ukuba ungathanda ukubona ukuba ikhamera ye-TDI inokuhambelana nesicelo sakho kwaye ihlangabezane neemfuno zakho, qhagamshelana nathi namhlanje.
