25/08/21Emhlabeni wezithombe zedijithali, izici ezimbalwa zobuchwepheshe zithonya ikhwalithi yesithombe njengohlobo lwe-electronic shutter kunzwa yakho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uthwebula izinqubo zezimboni ezinesivinini esikhulu, uthwebula ukulandelana kwesinema, noma uthwebula izenzakalo zezinkanyezi ezingenangqondo, ubuchwepheshe bokuvala ngaphakathi kwekhamera yakho ye-CMOS budlala indima ebalulekile ekutheni isithombe sakho sokugcina siphuma kanjani.
Izinhlobo ezimbili ezivelele zamashutha kagesi e-CMOS, izivalo zomhlaba wonke nezivalo eziqengqelekayo, zithatha izindlela ezihluke kakhulu zokuveza nokufunda ukukhanya okuvela kunzwa. Ukuqonda umehluko wabo, amandla, kanye nokuhwebelana kubalulekile uma ufuna ukufanisa isistimu yakho yezithombe nohlelo lwakho lokusebenza.
Lesi sihloko sizochaza ukuthi amashutha kagesi e-CMOS ayini, ukuthi amashutha asebenza kanjani emhlabeni wonke nawe-rolling, asebenza kanjani ezimeni zomhlaba wangempela, nokuthi unganquma kanjani ukuthi yikuphi okungcono kakhulu kuwe.
Yiziphi I-CMOS Electronic Shutters?
Inzwa ye-CMOS iyinhliziyo yamakhamera amaningi esimanje. Inesibopho sokuguqula ukukhanya okungenayo kube amasignali kagesi angacutshungulwa abe isithombe. I-"shutter" ku-aIkhamera ye-CMOSakulona ngempela ikhethini lomshini—imiklamo eminingi yesimanje incike kusishutha sikagesi esilawula ukuthi amaphikseli athwebula kanjani futhi nini ukukhanya.
Ngokungafani nesishutha sikamshini esivimba ukukhanya, isishutha sikagesi sisebenza ngokuqala nokumisa ukushaja phakathi kwephikseli ngayinye. Emfanekisweni we-CMOS, kunezakhiwo ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-shutter electronic: i-global shutter ne-rolling shutter.
Kungani umehluko ubalulekile? Ngoba indlela yokuchayeka nokufunda ithinta ngqo:
● Ukunikezwa kokunyakaza nokuhlanekezela
● Ubukhali besithombe
● Ukuzwela kokukhanya okuphansi
● Izinga lozimele nokubambezeleka
● Ukufaneleka sekukonke kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezithombe, ividiyo, nokuthwebula kwesayensi
Ukuqonda i-Global Shutter
Umthombo: Inzwa ye-GMAX3405 Global Shutter
Isebenza kanjani i-Global Shutter
Amakhamera we-CMOS Global shutter aqala futhi aqede ukuchayeka kwawo ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyo yonke inzwa. Lokhu kufinyelelwa kusetshenziswa ama-transistors angu-5 noma ngaphezulu ngephikseli ngayinye, kanye 'ne-storagenode' ephethe amashaji e-photoelectron atholiwe ngesikhathi sokufunda. Ukulandelana kokuchayeka kungokulandelayo:
1. Qala ukuchayeka ngesikhathi esisodwa kuphikseli ngayinye ngokususa izindleko ezitholiwe phansi.
2. Linda isikhathi sokuchayeka esikhethiwe.
3. Ekupheleni kokuchayeka, hambisa izindleko ezitholiwe endaweni yokugcina ngephikseli ngayinye, uqede ukuchayeka kwalolo hlaka.
4. Umugqa ngomugqa, hambisa ama-electron ku-capacitor yokufunda ye-pixel, futhi udlulisele amandla kagesi anqwabelene esakhiweni sokufunda, kufinyelele umvuthwandaba ngeziguquli ze-analogue-to-digital (ADCs). Ukuchayeka okulandelayo ngokuvamile kungenziwa kanyekanye ngalesi sinyathelo.
Izinzuzo Global Shutter
● Akukho Ukuhlanekezela Ukunyakaza - Izihloko ezihambayo zigcina umumo wazo kanye nejiyomethri ngaphandle kwe-skew noma i-wabble engenzeka ngokufunda okulandelanayo.
● Ukuthwebula Okunesivinini esikhulu – Kulungele ukunyakaza okuqandayo ezigcawini ezisheshayo, njengakwezemidlalo, amarobhothi, noma ukulawula ikhwalithi.
● Ukubambezeleka Okuphansi - Yonke idatha yesithombe iyatholakala ngesikhathi esisodwa, okuvumela ukuvumelanisa okunembayo nemicimbi yangaphandle, efana ne-laser pulses noma izibani ze-strobe.
Imikhawulo ye-Global Shutter
● Ukuzwela Kokukhanya Okuphansi - Amanye amadizayini amaphikseli e-shutter global adela ukusebenza kahle kokuqoqwa kokukhanya ukuze kuhambisane nokujikeleza okudingekile ukuze kuvezwe kanyekanye.
● Izindleko Eziphakeme Nokuyinkimbinkimbi - Ukuqamba kuyinselele kakhulu, ngokuvamile okuholela emananini aphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo abavalayo.
● Amathuba Okwenyuka Komsindo - Ngokuya ngedizayini yenzwa, ama-electronics engeziwe ngephikseli ngalinye angaholela emsindweni ofundeka kakhulu.
Ukuqonda i-Rolling Shutter
Isebenza kanjani i-Rolling Shutter
Isebenzisa ama-transistors ama-4 kuphela futhi ayikho indawo yokugcina, leli fomu elilula lokwakheka kwephikseli ye-CMOS liholela ekusebenzeni kwe-shutter kagesi okuyinkimbinkimbi. Amaphikseli avalayo aqalayo futhi amise ukuvezwa kwenzwa umugqa owodwa ngesikhathi, 'egingqa' inzwa. Ukulandelana okuphambene (futhi kukhonjisiwe emfanekisweni) kulandelwa ukuchayeka ngakunye:
Umfanekiso: Inqubo yokuvala i-rolling yenzwa yekhamera engu-6x6 yamaphikseli
Uhlaka lokuqala luqala ukuchayeka (oluphuzi) phezulu kwenzwa, lushanele luye phansi ngesilinganiso somugqa owodwa ngesikhathi somugqa ngamunye. Uma ukuchayeka sekuqediwe emugqeni ophezulu, ukufunda kuphume (okunsomi) okulandelwa ukuqala kokuchayeka okulandelayo (okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) kushanela phansi inzwa.
1. Qala ukuchayeka kumugqa ophezulu wenzwa ngokususa izindleko ezitholiwe phansi.
2. Ngemuva kokuthi 'isikhathi somugqa' sesidlulile, hambisa kumugqa wesibili wenzwa bese uqala ukuchayeka, uphinda phansi inzwa.
3. Uma isikhathi sokuchayeka esiceliwe sesiphelile kumugqa ophezulu, qeda ukuchayeka ngokuthumela izindleko ezitholiwe ngokusebenzisa i-architecture yokufunda. Isikhathi esithathwayo ukwenza lokhu 'isikhathi somugqa'.
4. Ngokushesha nje uma ukufunda sekuqediwe umugqa, sekulungele ukuqalisa ukuchayeka futhi kusukela kuSinyathelo 1, ngisho noma lokho kusho ukugqagqana neminye imigqa eyenza ukuchayeka kwangaphambilini.
Izinzuzo ze-Rolling Shutter
●Ukusebenza Okungcono Kokukhanya Okuphansi- Imiklamo ye-pixel ingabeka phambili ukuqoqwa kokukhanya, ithuthukise isilinganiso sesignali-kuya-nomsindo ezimeni ezimnyama.
●Higher Dynamic Range- Imiklamo yokufunda elandelanayo ingaphatha ukugqama okugqamile nethunzi elimnyama ngomusa ngokwengeziwe.
●Kuyathengeka Kakhudlwana- Izinzwa ze-CMOS ze-Rolling shutter zivame kakhulu futhi zibiza kakhulu ukuzenza.
Imikhawulo ye-Rolling Shutter
●Ama-Artifacts anyakazayo- Izihloko ezihamba ngokushesha zingase zibonakale zitshekile noma zigobile, ezaziwa ngokuthi "i-rolling shutter effect."
●I-Jello Effect kuvidiyo- Izithombe eziphathwa ngesandla ezinokudlidliza noma ukunwetshwa okusheshayo kungabangela ukuntengantenga kwesithombe.
●Izinselele Zokuvumelanisa- Ilungele kancane izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga isikhathi esinembayo nemicimbi yangaphandle.
I-Global vs. Rolling Shutter: Ukuqhathaniswa kwe-Side-by-Side
Nakhu ukubuka okusezingeni eliphezulu kokuthi ama-rolling nama-shutter omhlaba wonke aqhathaniswa kanjani:
| Isici | I-Rolling Shutter | I-Global Shutter |
| Idizayini yePixel | I-4-transistor (4T), ayikho indawo yokugcina | Ama-transistors angu-5+, afaka indawo yokugcina |
| Ukuzwela Okukhanyayo | Isici sokugcwalisa esiphezulu, sijwayelaniswa kalula nefomethi ekhanyiswe ngemuva → i-QE ephezulu | Isici sokugcwalisa esiphansi, i-BSI eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu |
| Ukusebenza Komsindo | Ngokujwayelekile umsindo ophansi wokufunda | Ingaba nomsindo ophakeme kancane ngenxa yokujikeleza okungeziwe |
| Ukuhlanekezela ukunyakaza | Okungenzeka (i-skew, i-wobble, umphumela we-jello) | Lutho — wonke amaphikseli aveziwe kanyekanye |
| Isivinini esingaba khona | Ingakwazi ukugqagqana ukuchayeka futhi ifunde imigqa eminingi; ngokuvamile ngokushesha kweminye imiklamo | Ikhawulelwe ngokufundwa kohlaka olugcwele, nakuba ukufunda kokuhlukaniswa kungasiza |
| Izindleko | Izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi | Izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphakeme |
| Amacala Okusetshenziswa Kakhulu | I-imaging yokukhanya okuphansi, i-cinematography, izithombe ezijwayelekile | Ukuthwebula ukunyakaza kwesivinini esikhulu, ukuhlolwa kwezimboni, ukunemba kwe-metrology |
Umehluko Wokusebenza Okubalulekile
Amaphikseli avalayo asebenzisa idizayini engu-4-transistor (4T) ngaphandle kwendawo yokugcina izinto, kuyilapho izivalo zomhlaba zidinga ama-transistors angu-5 noma ngaphezulu ngephikseli ngalinye kanye nesekhethi eyengeziwe ukuze kugcinwe ama-photoelectron ngaphambi kokufunda.
●Gcwalisa I-Factor & Ukuzwela- Isakhiwo esilula se-4T sivumela isici sokugcwalisa se-pixel esiphezulu, okusho ukuthi indawo engaphezulu yephikseli ngayinye inikezelwe ekuqoqweni kokukhanya. Lo mklamo, uhlanganiswe neqiniso lokuthi izinzwa ze-rolling shutter zingashintshwa kalula zibe ifomethi ekhanyiswe ngemuva, ngokuvamile kuphumela ekusebenzeni kahle kwe-quantum.
●Ukusebenza Komsindo- Ama-transistors ambalwa kanye nokujikeleza okuncane okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokuvamile kusho ama-shutter rolling abonisa umsindo ofundekayo ophansi, okuwenza afaneleke kangcono izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanya okuphansi.
●Isivinini esingaba khona- Izivalo eziqengqelekayo zingashesha kuzakhiwo ezithile ngoba zivumela ukuvezwa okugqagqene nokufunda, nakuba lokhu kuncike kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinzwa kanye ne-elekthronikhi efundwayo.
Izindleko Nokukhiqiza - Ubulula bokuvala amaphikseli avalayo ngokuvamile kuhumusha izindleko zokukhiqiza eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa nezivalo zomhlaba.
Ukucatshangelwa Okuthuthukile kanye Namasu
I-Pseudo-Global Shutter
Ezimeni lapho ungakwazi khona ukulawula ngokunembile ukuthi ukukhanya kufinyelela nini kunzwa—njengokusebenzisa i-LED noma umthombo wokukhanya we-laser ocushwe izingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha—ungafinyelela imiphumela “efana nomhlaba wonke” ngesivalo esigoqayo. Le ndlela yokuvala i-pseudo-global shutter ivumelanisa ukukhanya newindi lokuchayeka, inciphise ama-artifact anyakazayo ngaphandle kokudinga idizayini yangempela yesivalo somhlaba wonke.
Ukugqagqana Kwesithombe
Izinzwa ze-rolling shutter zingaqala ukuveza uhlaka olulandelayo ngaphambi kokuthi kuqedwe ukufundwa kozimele wamanje. Lokhu kuvezwa okugqagqene kuthuthukisa umjikelezo womsebenzi futhi kunenzuzo ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinesivinini esikhulu lapho ukuthwebula inombolo enkulu yozimele ngesekhondi kubalulekile, kodwa kungase kuxabanise ukuhlola okuzwela isikhathi.
Ukufundwa Kwemigqa Eminingi
Amakhamera amaningi e-CMOS anesivinini esikhulu angakwazi ukufunda umugqa wamaphikseli angaphezu kowodwa ngesikhathi. Kwezinye izindlela, imigqa ifundwa ngababili; kumiklamo ethuthukisiwe, kufikela kumigqa emine ingafundwa kanyekanye, kuncishiswe ngempumelelo isikhathi sokufundwa kohlaka.
I-Split Sensor Architecture
Kokubili ama-shutter ajikelezayo nawomhlaba angasebenzisa isakhiwo senzwa ehlukanisiwe, lapho inzwa yesithombe ihlukaniswa ngokuma ibe amahhafu amabili, ngayinye inomugqa wayo wama-ADC.
● Kuzinzwa ezihlukanisayo ze-shutter, ukufunda kuvame ukuqala ukusuka phakathi nendawo futhi kugibele kuya phezulu kuya phezulu nangaphansi, kuqhubeke kunciphisa ukubambezeleka.
● Kumiklamo ye-shutter yomhlaba wonke, ukufunda ukuhlukaniswa kungathuthukisa izilinganiso zozimele ngaphandle kokushintsha ukuchayeka ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ungasikhethela Kanjani Isicelo sakho: I-Rolling noma i-Global Shutter?
I-shutter yomhlaba wonke ingase izuze izinhlelo zokusebenza
● Idinga ukunemba okuphezulu kwesikhathi kwemicimbi
● Idinga izikhathi zokuchayeka ezimfushane kakhulu
● Idinga ukulibaziseka kwe-sub-millisecond ngaphambi kokuqala kokutholwa ukuze ivumelanise nomcimbi
● Thwebula ukunyakaza kwesilinganiso esikhulu noma amandla esikalini sesikhathi esifanayo noma esisheshayo kusishutha esiqengqelekayo
● Idinga ukutholwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyo yonke inzwa, kodwa ayikwazi ukulawula imithombo yokukhanya ukuze isebenzise isishutha esingamanga somhlaba endaweni enkulu.
I-rolling shutter ingase izuzise izinhlelo zokusebenza
● Ukuphonsela inselelo izinhlelo zokusebenza zokukhanya okuphansi: Ukusebenza kahle kwe-quantum okwengeziwe nomsindo ophansi wamakhamera e-shutter rolling ngokuvamile kuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-SNR.
● Izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinesivinini esikhulu lapho ukufana ngqo kuyo yonke inzwa kungabalulekile, noma ukubambezeleka kukuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nezilinganiso zesikhathi zokuhlola.
● Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezivamile lapho ukwenza kube lula kanye nezindleko eziphansi zamakhamera ashuthayo azuzisayo
Imibono Eyiphutha Evamile
1. "I-rolling shutter ihlale imbi."
Akulona iqiniso—ama-shutter ahambayo alungele izimo eziningi zokusetshenziswa futhi ngokuvamile adlula amashutha omhlaba ekukhanyeni okuphansi nobubanzi obuguqukayo.
2. "I-shutter yomhlaba wonke ihlezi ingcono."
Nakuba ukuthwebula okungahlanekezeleki kuyinzuzo, ukuhwebelana ngezindleko, umsindo, nokuzwela kungase kudlule izinzuzo zokuthatha izithombe ezihamba kancane.
3. "Awukwazi ukuthwebula ividiyo nge-shutter rolling."
Amakhamera amaningi e-cinema aphezulu asebenzisa ama-shutter rolling ngempumelelo; amasu okudubula ngokucophelela anganciphisa izinto zobuciko.
4. "Amashutha omhlaba asusa konke ukufiphala kokunyakaza."
Zivimbela ukuhlanekezela kwejiyomethri, kodwa ukufiphala kokunyakaza okuvela ezikhathini zokuchayeka okude kusengenzeka.
Isiphetho
Inketho phakathi kobuchwepheshe be-shutter yomhlaba jikelele kanye ne-rolling kukhamera ye-CMOS ifinyelela ebhalansi phakathi kokuphatha ukunyakaza, ukuzwela ukukhanya, izindleko, kanye nezidingo zakho zohlelo lokusebenza.
● Uma udinga ukuthwebula okungahlanekezelwe kwezigcawu ezihambayo, i-global shutter iyinketho ecacile.
● Uma ubeka kuqala ukusebenza kokukhanya okuphansi, ububanzi obuguquguqukayo, kanye nesabelomali, i-rolling shutter ivamise ukuletha imiphumela engcono kakhulu.
Ukuqonda lo mehluko kuqinisekisa ukuthi ungakhetha ithuluzi elilungile—kungaba elokuthwebula kwesayensi, ukuqapha kwezimboni, noma ukukhiqizwa kokusungula.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Iluphi uhlobo lwe-shutter olungcono ekuthwebuleni izithombe zasemoyeni noma kumephu ye-drone?
Ngokwenza amamephu, ukuhlola, nokuhlola lapho ukunemba kwejometri kubalulekile, i-shutter yomhlaba wonke ikhethwa ukugwema ukuhlanekezela. Kodwa-ke, kuvidiyo yokudala yasemoyeni, isivalo esigoqayo sisakwazi ukuletha imiphumela emihle kakhulu uma ukunyakaza kulawulwa.
Ukukhetha kwe-shutter kuthinta kanjani isithombe esinokukhanya okuphansi?
Ama-shutter rolling ngokuvamile anenzuzo ekusebenzeni kokukhanya okuphansi ngoba amadizayini awo amaphikseli angabeka phambili ukusebenza kahle kokuqoqa ukukhanya. Izivalo zomhlaba wonke zingadinga ukujikeleza okuyinkimbinkimbi okunganciphisa kancane ukuzwela, nakuba imiklamo yesimanje ivala lesi sikhala.
Uhlobo lwe-shutter luthinta kanjani i-aikhamera yesayensi?
Emfanekisweni wesayensi wesivinini esikhulu—njengokulandelela izinhlayiyana, amandla eseli, noma i-ballistics—i-shutter yomhlaba wonke ibalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlanekezelwa kokunyakaza. Kodwa nge-microscopy ye-fluorescence ekhanyayo, i-Ikhamera ye-sCMOSnge-shutter rolling ingakhethwa ukukhulisa ukuzwela kanye nobubanzi obuguqukayo.
Yikuphi okungcono kokuhlolwa kwezimboni?
Emisebenzini eminingi yokuhlola yezimboni—ikakhulukazi leyo ehlanganisa amabhande okuthutha ahambayo, amarobhothi, noma umbono womshini—i-shutter yomhlaba wonke iyisinqumo esiphephile sokuqinisekisa izilinganiso ezinembile ngaphandle kwamaphutha ejometri enziwa ukunyakaza.
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