25/07/31Yize ngo-2025, izinzwa ze-CMOS zibusa izithombe zesayensi nezomthengi ngokufanayo, lokhu bekungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
I-CCD imele i-'Charge-Coupled Device', kanti izinzwa ze-CCD kwakuyizinzwa zekhamera yedijithali, ezaqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1970. Amakhamera e-CCD- kanye ne-EMCCD ayevame ukutuswa ukusetshenziswa kwesayensi kuze kube yiminyaka embalwa edlule. Bobabili ubuchwepheshe busekhona nanamuhla, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwabo sekuphenduke i-niche.
Izinga lokuthuthukiswa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinzwa ze-CMOS liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zindlela zobuchwepheshe ikakhulukazi indlela ezicubungula ngayo nokufunda ishaja ye-elekthronikhi etholiwe.
Iyini Inzwa ye-CCD?
Inzwa ye-CCD iwuhlobo lwenzwa yesithombe esetshenziselwa ukuthatha ukukhanya futhi ikuguqule kube amasignali edijithali. Iqukethe uxhaxha lwamaphikseli azwela ukukhanya aqoqa ama-photon futhi awenze amashaji kagesi.
Ukufundwa kwenzwa ye-CCD kwehluka ku-CMOS ngezindlela ezintathu ezibalulekile:
● Ukudluliselwa Kwenkokhelo: Ama-Photoelectron athwetshuliwe ahanjiswa nge-electrostatic pixel-to-pixel kuyo yonke inzwa ukuya endaweni yokufunda ezansi.
● I-Readout Mechanism: Esikhundleni salo lonke umugqa we-analogue kuya kweziguquli zedijithali (ADCs) ezisebenza ngokufana, ama-CCD asebenzisa i-ADC eyodwa noma amabili kuphela (noma ngezinye izikhathi ngaphezulu) afunda amaphikseli ngokulandelana.
I-Capacitor ne-Amplifaya Ukubekwa: Esikhundleni sama-capacitor nama-amplifiers kuphikseli ngayinye, i-ADC ngayinye ine-capacitor ne-amplifier eyodwa.
Isebenza Kanjani Inzwa ye-CCD?
Nansi indlela inzwa ye-CCD esebenza ngayo ukuze ithole futhi icubungule isithombe:
Umfanekiso: Inqubo yokufunda yenzwa ye-CCD
Ekupheleni kokuchayeka kwazo, izinzwa ze-CCD ziqale ziqoqe izindleko ziyise endaweni yokugcina efihliwe ngaphakathi kwephikseli ngayinye (ayibonisiwe). Bese, umugqa owodwa ngesikhathi, izindleko zihanjiswa kurejista yokufunda. Ikholomu eyodwa ngesikhathi, izindleko ezingaphakathi kwerejista yokufunda ziyafundwa.
1. Ukushaja Ukusula: Ukuze uqalise ukutholwa, ukushaja kususwa ngesikhathi esisodwa kuyo yonke inzwa (i-global shutter).
2. Ukuqoqwa Kwezindleko: Imali inqwabelana ngesikhathi sokuchayeka.
3. Shaja Isitoreji: Ekupheleni kokuchayeka, izindleko eziqoqiwe ziyiswa endaweni efihliwe ngaphakathi kwephikseli ngayinye (ebizwa ngokuthi i-CCD yokudlulisa i-interline), lapho zingalinda khona ukufunda ngaphandle kokubalwa kwamafotoni amasha.
4. Ukuvezwa Kozimele Olandelayo: Ngezindleko ezitholiwe ezigcinwe endaweni efihliwe yamaphikseli, indawo esebenzayo yamaphikseli ingaqala ukuvezwa kohlaka olulandelayo (imodi yokugqagqana).
5. Ukufunda Okulandelanayo: Umugqa owodwa ngesikhathi, izindleko ezivela kumugqa ngamunye wohlaka oluqediwe ziyiswa 'kurejista yokufunda'.
6. Ukufunda Kokugcina: Ikholomu eyodwa ngesikhathi, amanani asuka kuphikseli ngayinye avaleleka endaweni yokufunda ukuze afundwe ku-ADC.
7. Ukuphindaphinda: Le nqubo iphinda kuze kubalwe izindleko ezitholiwe kuwo wonke amaphikseli.
Lokhu kugoba okubangelwa yizo zonke izindleko ezitholiwe ezifundwa inombolo encane (kwesinye isikhathi eyodwa) yamaphuzu okufunda, kuholela emikhawulweni enzima ekuphumeni kwedatha yezinzwa ze-CCD uma kuqhathaniswa ne-CMOS.
Izinzuzo Nezingozi Zezinzwa ze-CCD
| Izinzuzo | Ububi |
| Okumnyama Okuphansi Kwamanje Ngokujwayelekile ~0.001 e⁻/p/s uma kupholile. | Isivinini Esinomkhawulo Ukukhipha Okujwayelekile ~20 MP/s — kuhamba kancane kune-CMOS. |
| Izindleko ze-On-Pixel Binning zifingqwa ngaphambi kokufunda, kunciphisa umsindo. | I-High Read Noise 5–10 e⁻ ivamile ngenxa yokufundwa kwe-ADC yephoyinti elilodwa. |
| I-Global Shutter True isivaleli sembulunga yonke noma esiseduze nembulunga yonke kuma-CCD aphakathi kwemigqa/okudlulisa uhlaka. | Osayizi Bamaphikiseli Abakhudlwana Abakwazi ukufanisa ukunikezwa kwe-CMOS ye-miniaturization. |
| Ukufana Kwesithombe Okuphezulu Kuhle kakhulu ekucabangeni komthamo. | Ukusetshenziswa Kwamandla Okuphezulu Kudinga amandla engeziwe okushintsha ukushaja nokufunda. |
Izinzuzo ze-CCD Sensor
● Ubumnyama obuphansi Okwamanje: Ngokwemvelo njengobuchwepheshe, izinzwa ze-CCD zivamise ukuba namandla amnyama aphansi kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngokohlelo luka-0.001 e-/p/s lapho zipholile.
● 'On-pixel' Binning: Uma uhlanganisa, ama-CCD angeza izindleko ngaphambi kokufunda, hhayi ngemva kwalokho, okusho ukuthi awukho umsindo wokufunda owengeziwe owethulwayo. Amandla amnyama ayanda, kodwa njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, lokhu ngokuvamile kuphansi kakhulu.
● I-Global Shutter: Izinzwa ze-CCD ze-'Interline' zisebenza ngesishutha sangempela somhlaba. Izinzwa ze-CCD 'Zokudlulisa Uhlaka' zisebenzisa ishutha 'eyingxenye yomhlaba' (bona isifunda 'Esifihlwe' somfanekiso 45) – inqubo yokudlulisa uhlaka ukuze kuqalwe futhi kuqedwe ukuchayeka akukona ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa ngokuvamile kuthatha i-oda lama-microseconds angu-1-10. Amanye ama-CCD asebenzisa ukuvala ngomshini.
Ububi be-CCD Sensors
● Isivinini Esinomkhawulo: Ukudluliswa kwedatha okujwayelekile ngamaphikseli ngomzuzwana kungase kube amaMegapixel angu-20 ngomzuzwana (MP/s), okulingana nesithombe esingu-4 MP ku-5 fps. Lokhu cishe kuhamba ngo-20x kune-CMOS efanayo, futhi okungenani kuhamba ngo-100x kune-CMOS enesivinini esikhulu.
● Umsindo Wokufunda Ophakeme: Umsindo wokufunda kuma-CCD uphezulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yesidingo sokusebenzisa i-ADC(ama) ngenani eliphezulu ukuze kuzuzwe isivinini sekhamera esisebenzisekayo. I-5 kuya ku-10 i-e- ivamile kumakhamera e-CCD asezingeni eliphezulu.
● Amaphikseli amakhulu: Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, amaphikseli amancane ahlinzeka ngezinzuzo. I-architecture evamile ye-CMOS ivumela ubuncane bosayizi bephikseli abancane kune-CCD.
● Ukusetshenziswa Okuphezulu kwamandla: Izidingo zamandla okusebenzisa izinzwa ze-CCD ziphakeme kakhulu kune-CMOS.
Izicelo Zezinzwa ze-CCD ku-Scientific Imaging
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe be-CMOS buye bathola ukuduma, izinzwa ze-CCD zisathandwa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuthwebula zesayensi lapho ikhwalithi yesithombe, ukuzwela, nokungaguquguquki kubaluleke kakhulu. Ikhono labo eliphakeme lokuthwebula amasiginali anokukhanya okuphansi ngomsindo omncane liwenza alungele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinembayo.
Isayensi yezinkanyezi
Izinzwa ze-CCD zibalulekile emfanekisweni wezinkanyezi ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuthwebula ukukhanya okufiphele ezinkanyezini ezikude nemithala. Asetshenziswa kakhulu kuzo zombili izindawo zokubheka kanye ne-astronomy eyimfundamakhwela ye-astrophotography yokuchayeka isikhathi eside, iletha izithombe ezicacile, ezinemininingwane.
I-Microscopy ne-Life Sciences
Kusayensi yempilo, izinzwa ze-CCD zisetshenziselwa ukuthatha amasiginali we-fluorescence abuthakathaka noma izakhiwo zamaselula ezicashile. Ukuzwela kwabo okuphezulu nokufana kubenza bafanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-fluorescence microscopy, imaging cell cell, kanye ne-digital pathology. Impendulo yabo yokukhanya komugqa iqinisekisa ukuhlaziya okunembile kwenani.
Ukuhlolwa kweSemiconductor
Izinzwa ze-CCD zibalulekile ekwenziweni kwe-semiconductor, ikakhulukazi ekuhlolweni kwe-wafer. Ukulungiswa kwabo okuphezulu kanye nekhwalithi yokucabanga engaguquki kubalulekile ekuhlonzeni ukukhubazeka kwesilinganiso esincane kuma-chips, ukuqinisekisa ukunemba okudingekayo ekukhiqizweni kwe-semiconductor.
I-X-ray kanye ne-Scientific imaging
Izinzwa ze-CCD nazo zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokuthola i-X-ray nakwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zezithombe ezikhethekile. Ikhono labo lokugcina izilinganiso eziphezulu zesignali-kumsindo, ikakhulukazi uma selipholile, libalulekile ekucabangeni okucacile ezimeni eziyinselele ezifana ne-crystallography, ukuhlaziywa kwezinto, nokuhlola okungalimazi.
Ingabe Izinzwa ze-CCD zisasebenza namuhla?
Ikhamera ye-Tucsen H-694 & 674 CCD
Naphezu kokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe be-CMOS, izinzwa ze-CCD azikasebenzi. Zihlala ziyinketho ekhethwayo ekukhanyeni okuphansi kakhulu kanye nemisebenzi yokuthwebula enembayo ephezulu, lapho ikhwalithi yazo yesithombe engenakuqhathaniswa nezici zomsindo zibalulekile. Ezindaweni ezifana ne-deep-space astronomy noma i-advanced fluorescence microscopy, amakhamera e-CCD avame ukudlula ezinye izindlela eziningi ze-CMOS.
Ukuqonda amandla kanye nobuthakathaka bezinzwa ze-CCD kusiza abacwaningi nonjiniyela bakhethe ubuchwepheshe obufanele ngezidingo zabo ezithile, baqinisekise ukusebenza kahle ezinhlelweni zabo zesayensi noma zezimboni.
Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa
Kufanele ngiyikhethe nini inzwa ye-CCD?
Izinzwa ze-CCD ziyivelakancane kakhulu namuhla kuneminyaka eyishumi edlule, njengoba ubuchwepheshe be-CMOS buqala ukungena ngisho nokusebenza kwamanje okumnyama okuphansi. Nokho, kuzohlale kunezinhlelo zokusebenza lapho inhlanganisela yazo yezici zokusebenza—njengekhwalithi ephezulu yesithombe, umsindo ophansi, nokuzwela okuphezulu—kunikeza inzuzo.
Kungani amakhamera esayensi esebenzisa izinzwa ze-CCD ezipholile?
Ukupholisa kunciphisa umsindo oshisayo ngesikhathi sokuthwebula isithombe, kuthuthukisa ukucaca kwesithombe nokuzwela. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ekucabangeni okuphansi kokukhanya okuphansi nokuchayeka isikhathi eside kwesayensi, yingakho abaningi bezinga eliphezuluamakhamera esayensithembela kuma-CCD apholile ukuze uthole imiphumela ehlanzekile, enembe kakhudlwana.
Iyini imodi yokugqagqana kuzinzwa ze-CCD ne-EMCCD, futhi ikuthuthukisa kanjani ukusebenza kwekhamera?
Izinzwa ze-CCD ne-EMCCD ziyakwazi 'imodi yokugqagqana'. Kumakhamera we-shutter global, lokhu kubhekisela emandleni okufunda uhlaka lwangaphambilini ngesikhathi sokuchayeka kozimele olandelayo. Lokhu kuholela kumjikelezo wemisebenzi ephezulu (eduze kuka-100%), okusho ukuthi kumoshwa isikhathi esincane ngokungavezi ozimele ekukhanyeni, futhi ngenxa yalokho amazinga ozimele aphezulu.
Qaphela: Imodi yokugqagqana inencazelo ehlukile yezinzwa ze-shutter rolling.
Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngama-rolling shutters, sicela uchofoze:
Isebenza kanjani i-Rolling Shutter Control Mode nokuthi Isetshenziswa Kanjani
I-Tucsen Photonics Co., Ltd. Wonke amalungelo agodliwe. Uma ucaphuna, sicela wazise umthombo:www.tucsen.com
