Brightfield microscopy relies on the absorption and scattering of light by biological specimens to generate contrast. It is the most classical and widely adopted imaging modality in life sciences, frequently used in pathological slide examination, histological studies, and educational demonstrations.

Biological samples span a wide range of spatial scales, from nuclei and cytoplasm to complete tissue structures, covering dimensions from micrometers to millimeters. In their unstained state, samples are nearly transparent with minimal refractive index differences, resulting in poor contrast. Consequently, various staining techniques are commonly employed to enhance image contrast. Based on these characteristics, brightfield microscopy places high demands on camera performance, particularly in spatial resolution and color fidelity.